Periodic properties

A group of elements have the same amount of ___ ___

a period of elements have the same amount of ___ ___

Transition metals show variable ____, can have multiple __ ___. they have this property because they have several electrons with similar __ __, meaning that one or all of them can be removed depending on the circumstances

Most transition metals have ____ except row ____

The inner transition metals have their valence electrons in the inner __ orbital while transition metals have their valence electrons in their outer ___ orbitals. The most prominent oxidation state for transition metals is __, while for inner transition metals is ___. Inner transition metals are also far less ____.

atoms that exist in pair due to unstable nature

Metals are __, and ___, good conductors of __ and __, form ___ oxides, ___ electrons to form cations, __ at room temperature (except mercury) and have high __ and __ points

Non metals are __ and __, a poor conductors of electricity and heat, form __ oxides, gain electrons to form ___, are __ or ___ are room temperature (except bromine) and have ___ melting and boiling points

1/2 the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms bonded together

atomic radius decreases ___ to ___ due to more ______ exerting a greater nuclear attraction between protons and electrons. They also get larger going __ a group, because there are more electrons, and the addition of a new __ ___< and each new shell gets further away from the nucleus

The amount of positive charge experienced by an electron

The __ ___ of lower orbital electrons prevents higher orbital electrons from experiencing a __ ___ to the nucleus. This explains the easy removal of ___ ____.

Equation for Zeff

The Zeff ____ from left to right due to the increase in the number of ____. Zeff ___ going up a group.

atoms with identical number of electrons and differing number of protons

The energy needed to remove an electron from an atom

ionization energy increases from left to right, due to the number of __ and ___ increasing. As the __ ___ fills, the electrons become harder to remove. As you go up a group the ionization energy also increases because there are less __ ___, and thus the electrons are closer to the nucleus

Following removal of the 1st electron, elements can have subsequent ionization energies whose values are __ ___.

__ ___ ___ have greater ionization energy than group 13 elements. This is because they have __ ___, and thus it requires more energy to remove an electron. Also, group ___ have greater ionization than group ____ elements. This is because they have __ ___ orbitals and thus greater stability.

the amount of energy released when an electron is added to an atom

Electron affinity increases from left to right, because the ___ of the valence shell results in a greater propensity to gain an electron. electron affinity increases as you move up a group due to more ___ between the nucleus and the electron, and a decreasing in the ____ effect that is in the way of the the new electrons

Exceptions to the electron affinity are when elements obtain a ___ ____ ____ by gaining an electron, which gives it a greater affinity. ___ ____ have complete valence shells and thus have negligible electron affinities

the ability of an atom to attract electrons in a bond

electronegativity increases from left to right because of the increase in _____, which gives it its increased ability to attract electron ___ in a ___. Electronegativity increases up a group due to a decrease in __ __, which means the valence electrons experience less ___. __ ____ no electronegativity. ___ is the most electronegative atom