Topic 2 - States of Matter and Mixtures
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What are the states of matter
Solid, liquid, gas
The forces between particles in a solid are…. meaning the particles
Strong so the particles dont move from their positions.
The particles energy levels in a solid are
Low
Particles in a solid can
Vibrate if heated up which leads to the object expanding slightly.`
The forces between particles in a liquid are….. meaning
Medium, meaning the particles can move freely but stay near eachother. This means it doesnt keep a shape.
The particles energy levels in a liquid are
Medium: higher than solids but lower than gas
The particles in a liquid are always
Moving with random motion and they move faster when its hotter. It expands slightly when hot.
The forces between particles in a gas are….. meaning
There is no forces between the particles meaning thye move freely and travel in straight lines unless they collide.
Gases interact in container by
Bouncing around and filling the whole container at whatever pressure needed. They bounce of the walls and exert a pressure on the walls.
When gases get hotter they
Move faster. They either expand or increase in pressure
Solid to liquid is called….. and occurs because
Melting. Due to the particles gaining enough energy and vibrating enough to weaken the forces and break free.
Liquid to gas is called…. and occurs because
Evaporating. Due to more energy and vibrations, which allows the bond to be broken completely and the particles to move freely.
Solid to gas is called…. and occurs because
Sublimation. When the particles in a solid gain so much more energy than they had, so they break there bonds instantly and move freely as a gas.
Gas to liquid is called… and occurs because
Condensation. Thye lose energy and stop vibrating as much, so that the intermolecular forces are reformed.
Liquid to solid is called…. and occurs because
Freezing. More energy is lost and vibrations reduce more. This means the intermolecular forces are strong enough to rearrange the particles into a lattice.
Difference between chemical and physical changes
Chemical changes happen during chemical reactions. It is when the bonds between atoms break and the atoms change places. The reactants are rearranged to form the products. Chemical changes are much harder to reverse compared to physical changes.
How to predict a subtances physical state based on melting and boiling point.
Before melting point = Solid Between melting and boiling point=Liquid After boiling point=Gas
What does pure mean in chem
A substance completely made up of a single element or compound
A mixture is
A substance with more than 1 compound or seperate elements present
How to use melting and boiling points to determine purity
Pure substances have a sharp melting and boiling point whereas mixtures melt over a range of temperatures
What substances are simple distillation used for
Seperating a liquid from a solution eg. sea water to get pure water
Simple distillation steps
Have a distillation flask connected to a condenser to a beaker. Put sample in distillation flask and heat up to the boiling point of the desired solution to seperate It passes through the condenser and is collected at the beaker
Whats fractional distillation used for
a mixture of solutions eg crude oil
Fractional distillation steps
Put mixture in a flask and attach a fractionating column on top with the same set up as normal distillation with more collecting beakers. Gradually heat the flask until a substance evaporates, then gradually increase for each subatnce