The Parliament

It proposes, makes and reviews laws · In Presidential Systems: the President isn’t allowed to make legislation · In Parliamentary Systems: the president is part of the legislature

Descriptive: the parliament represents the country’s people (demographics) Substantive: the parliament representing citizens’ needs Symbolic: how the leader is perceived by voters Formalistic: representing arrangements & rules

Vote of No Confidence: when other members of parliament don’t trust the president (in Presidential Systems there is no vote)

There is only one chamber in Parliament (Sweden)

There are 2 chambers Lower: representing the country & dominating the UC Upper: representing the leader’s party (UK)

The Lower chamber can get rid of the Upper chamber

Both chambers are equally important, have control mechanisms and are more common in Presidential Systems

• Direct election: citizens vote (34%) US • Indirect election: regional parliaments (34%) NL • Appointment through regional government (28%) Canada

a type of system in which states/regions within the same country have sovereignty/independent powers

Tasks at National Level: defence, foreign affairs, immigration Tasks at State Level: education, housing, transport

Dual states are the ones that states have independent power and don’t need to act at a national level basis US (In the US the Parliament cannot get git of federal governments)

Cooperative states are the ones that act intermingling with the entire country and the region/state on its own Germany

The state’s regions don’t act independently; there is only 1 sovereignty. But regions have independent rights based on decentralisation

National tasks are spread around the country

Each region is responsible for a national task

Regions can form their own Parliaments and act independently, however, the main government can take powers back