Alkanes and Alkenes
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What is a functional group defined as?
An atom/group of atoms responsible for the typical chemical properties/reactions of a molecule.
What is a homologous series?
A series of molecules with the same functional group but different numbers -CH2 groups. These all have a general formula.
What is the functional group of an alkene?
C=C with double bond
What is the functional group of a halogenoalkane?
R-X where X could be any halogen
What is the functional group of an alcohol?
-C-OH
What is the functional group of an aldehyde?
-COH with C=O
What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?
-COOH with C=O
What is the functional group of a ketone?
C=O
What is the functional group of an ester?
-COO with O=C and C-O
Describe the naming convention for organic compounds, set by IUPAC.
• Prefixes - position and identity of side-chain substituents • Stem: no. of carbon atoms in longest chain • Suffix: functional group
How do we number functional group and side chains on a main carbon chain?
The functional group should be designated the lowest number possible.
When multiple substituent groups are present, how are they ordered?
Alphabetically, i.e. ethyl comes before methyl. This does not include prefixes like di-, tri-, tetra-.
Define empirical formula.
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
Define structural formula.
Uses the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
Define displayed formula.
Shows the relative positioning of all atoms in an molecule, and the bonding present between them.
Define skeletal formula.
A simplified organic formula, where hydrogen and carbon labels, and bonds to hydrogens atoms, are removed, leaving a carbon skeleton and functional groups.
What is structural isomerism?
When two or more molecules have the same molecular formula, yet have different structural formulae.
Define positional isomerism, and give examples of this with the context of C6H12.
• This occurs when the functional group occupies different positions along the chain. • So this could be exemplified by C6H12, which could represent hex-1-ene, hex-2-ene, or even cyclohexane.
What is functional group isomerism?
This is when the function groups of organic molecules are different for the same molecular formula.
What is chain isomerism?
This occurs where the chain attached to the functional group changes in some way for a given molecular formula, such as hex-1-energy and 4-methylpent-1-ene.
Why are alkanes generally quite unreactive?
• Everything is covalently bonded. These bonds are not readily broken. • Alkanes are non-polar molecules. This is because C-C bonds and C-H bonds are both considered non polar.
What are the products of the complete combustion of an alkane?
Carbon dioxide and water.
Give the causes and products of incomplete combustion of alkanes.
• If an insufficient oxygen supply is available, alkanes incompletely combust. • This results in the production of carbon monoxide and soot.
What are the three types of species that can attack a molecule?
• Electrophile • Nucleophile • Free radical