Core Oganic Chemistry Yr10
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What is crude oil a mixture of?
Hydrocarbons —> compounds made only of hydrogen and carbon
Crude oil is useless unless …
The mixture is separated into different chemicals —> separated by fractional distillation
Explain how fractional distillation separates crude oil into separate fractions
As the TEMPERATURE INCREASES, different chemicals in the crude oil VAPORISE (boil off). They then CONDENSE in the delivery tube and run into the COLLECTING TUBE, which is changed at the intervals to collect the different FRACTIONS
Fraction 1
Boiling range: <100 degrees celsius Appearance: colourless, runny liquid Burning: ignites very easily, clean flame
Fraction 2
Boiling range: 100-200 degrees celsius Appearance: pale yellow, runny liquid Burning: infinites easily, not as much of a clean flame
Fraction 3
Boiling range: 200-300 degrees celsius Appearance: light brown, slightly viscous liquid Burning: ignites after a few seconds, not very clean flame
Fraction 4
Boiling range: >300 Appearance: dark brown, highly viscous Burning: ignites after around 5 seconds, smokey flame
What are refinery gases used for?
Domestic heating and cooking
What are the properties of crude oil with low boiling points?
Runny Colourless Highly flammable Clean flame
What is gasoline (petrol) used for?
Fuel in cars
What is kerosene (paraffin) used for?
Fuel in aircraft
What is diesel used for?
Fuel in some cars and larger vehicles E.g. trains
What is fuel oil used for?
Fuel for large ships and also in some power stations
What is bitumen used for?
Surface roads and roofs
What are the properties of crude oil with high boiling points?
Solid/highly viscous Dark brown Less flammable Smokey flame
What happens to crude oil before entering the fractionating column/tower?
It is heated and vapourised
How does a fractionating column/tower work?
The crude oil is turned into a gas and when entering it will rise until it reaches a region with a lower temperature than its boiling point and will condense back into a liquid
As you go up the fractionating column what happens?
The temperature is cooler
What can heavy fuel oil and bitumen be broken down into?
Smaller hydrocarbons, ‘cracking’
What is carbon really useful for?
Making large compounds
Why is carbon really useful for making large compounds?
Each atom of carbon can form four strong bonds
Which are the most common atoms for a carbon atom to be bonded to?
Other carbon atoms Hydrogen atoms
What is an alkane?
A family of hydrocarbons found in crude oil
What is an example of a homologous series?
Alkanes