Respiratory System (+pathophysiology)
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COPD conditions
Emphysema, chronic bronchitis
Name of the enzyme that acts on the lungs
Protease
Protease action in lungs
Immune function- destroys pathogens Lung disease- degradation of elastin in alveoli, causes COPD Mucous secretion- goblet cells in airway Inflammation in airways
Causes of emphysema/ chronic bronchitis
Inhaled irritants Smoking Pollution Genetics Age
Explain emphysema
Damage to alveoli, reducing surface area (elastin damaged= less elasticity/ lung compliance). Less oxygen is able to diffuse into the blood, air trapped in alveoli so less is exhaled.
Signs/symptoms of emphysema
Pink puffer (more effort in breathing) Pursed lips (More effort in trying to remove C02) SOB Green/yellow sputum with cough Tachycardia Tachypnoea Barrel chest Accessory muscle use
Treatment for COPD
Oxygen supplement Bronchodilators to manage airway constriction/ obstruction Stop smoking Mucolytics (break down excessive phlegm)
Why does smoking cause COPD ? (Effects of smoking on body)
Irritants in cigarettes stimulate protease activity in lungs (damage elasticity) Smoke damages cilia in throat (unable to move mucous) Inflammation/irritation of lungs stimulates goblet cells/ epithelial cells in airway to secrete mucous
Diagnosis of COPD
Spirometry (Calculate FEV1/ FVC) Below 0.70 = COPD
FEV1?
Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (Maximum volume of air that can be forced out after a full breath in 1 second)
FVC?
Forced vital capacity (Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking a deep breath)
Chronic bronchitis?
Long term inflammation of the bronchi Mucous secretion
Symptoms of chronic bronchitis
SOB, tachycardia, tachypnoea, blue bloater (cyanosis), pulmonary hypertension, chronic productive cough, accessory muscle use, low SATS
Tidal volume
Volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a single breath
Vital capacity
Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a deep breath in
Conducting zone
Mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles (Transport 02 to respiratory zone)
Respiratory zone
Where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli (02 into bloodstream, CO2 out)
Dead space
Air that isn’t used in gas exchange
Anatomical dead space
The volume of air in the conducting zone that is not used in gas exchange
Physiological dead space
Anatomical dead space + volume of air in the alveoli that is not used in gas exchange (alveolar dead space)
Value of alveolar dead space in a normal person vs unhealthy?
Normal- 0 Unhealthy- Alveolar dead space increases (greater than anatomical dead space) Use physiological dead space clinically to indicate lung status
Inspiration action of body
External intercostal muscles contract, move rib cage outwards and upwards Diaphragm muscle contracts and flattens Volume increase, pressure decrease in thoracic cavity, air moves in
Expiration actions of body
Internal intercostal muscles contract, move rib cage downwards and inwards Diaphragm relaxes to dome shape Volume decreases, pressure increases Air is forced out of the thoracic cavity
Surfactant ?
Fluid that lines alveoli (contains lipids and proteins)