Cancer
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Mutation in cells own DNA
Cancer
Confined locally, responds to treatment, doesn’t recur
Benign
Spread to other parts of body, doesn’t respond to therapy, often comes back
Malignant
Whys cancer likeliness increase with age?
Exposed to more, more time for mutations to develop
2 types of genes associated with cancer
Oncogenes Tumor suppressor
Genes that when mutates or over expressed can contribute to turning a normal cell into a cancer cell
Proto-oncogene
3 basic types of activation in oncogenes
• Mutation which changes protein structure • increase in protein concentration • chromosomal translocation
Genes which have a repressive effect on regulation of cell cycle or promote apoptosis (follow 2-hit hypothesis-both copies of gene must be non-functional)
Tumor suppressors
“The guardian of the genome” • tumor suppressor • regulated cell cycle • mutated in 1/2 cancers
p53
Uncontrolled proliferation Evasion of growth suppressors Resistance to apoptosis Develop replicative immortality Induce angiogenesis Invasion and metastasis Changed energy metabolism Immune system evasion Genomic instability Inflammation
Hallmarks of cancer