Module 2 past paper questions
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outline the importance of the cytoskeleton
• provides mechanical strength to the cell • hold organelles in place • aids transport of organelles in the cell • aids cell movement • maintains cell shape and structure • role in cell division/ spindle fibres
Describe how the RER and the Golgi are involved with the production of a secretory vesicle that contains protein
• translation occurs and proteins are synthesised in the ribosomes of the RER • proteins pass into the cisternae of the RER • Proteins fold • the proteins are packaged into transport vesicles which move to the Golgi via microtubules • the transport vesicles fuse with the cis face of the Golgi • The proteins get modified in the Golgi and get packaged into a secretory vesicle
what is the role of lysosomes in white blood cells
they digest/kill/break down pathogens
do onion root cells have pili
no
what are some ways that a biological drawing could be improved
• no shading/cross hatches • add a scale / magnification • add a title
explain the role of the membrane in the RER
• compartmentalisation/maintaining different conditions from the cell cytoplasm • separating proteins synthesised from the cell cytoplasm • hold ribosomes in place
how does yeast divide
by budding
do yeast cells have a nucleus
yes
The endosymbiosis theory suggests that mitochondria may have evolved from bacteria that were taken inside other cells explain why early eukaryotes were able to grow more quickly than cells that did not possess mitochondria
• cells with mitochondria would be able to respire aerobically • this produces more ATP • ATP is needed for active transport/ cell division/ DNA replication • more ATP allows for faster metabolic processes
explain the function of epithelial cells in the airways of mammals in the defence against pathogens and suggest the importance of the cytoskeleton in carrying out this function
• goblet cells secrete/produce mucus • mucus can trap pathogens/bacteria • ciliated epithelium can waft/move mucus • the cytoskeleton/microtubules make up the cilia
what are the roles of cholesterol in living organisms
• controls the fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer • waterproofing the skin • making Vitamin D making bile
explain why glycogen is a good storage molecule
• glycogen is insoluble and does not affect the water potential of the cell • it can be broken down and built up easily • there are lots of branches for enzymes to attach • it is compact
describe the structure of a haemoglobin molecule (include details about the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure)
• a sequence of amino acids is joined together by peptide bonds • the sequence of amino acids forms hydrogen bonds and folds into alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets. This is the secondary structure of the protein • the secondary structure undergoes further folding and di-sulfide bonds, ionic bonds and more hydrogen bonds form (tertiary structure) • the quaternary structure of the haemoglobin includes 4 polypeptide subunits - 2 are alpha and 2 are beta • there is one haem group per polypeptide • the prosthetic group is haem which contains an Fe2+ ion