reaction of functional groups
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aldehyde to acid e,g ethanal to lactic acid CH3CH(OH)COOH - lactic
1 -nucleophillic addition -HCN + KCN CH3CHO + HCN –> CH3CH(OH)CN 2 -hydrolysis -strong acid -heat under reflux CH3CH(OH)CN + 2H2O + H+ –> CH3CH(OH)COOH + NH4+
keytone/aldehyde to alcohol
LiAlH4 dry ether
carboxylic acid to alcholol
LiAlH4 dry ether
alcohol to esther
conc H2SO4 esterfacation
alkane to halogenoalkane
Cl2 , Br2 ect UV light free radical substitudtion
alkene to alkane
H2 Nickel catalyst 150* margarine can be made
alkene to halogenoalkane
hydrogen halide
halogenoalkane to alkene
NaOH ethanol heat
halogenoalkane to alcohol
aqueous NaOH heat under reflux
halogenoalkane to amine
conc NH3 ethanol heat under pressure
halogenoalkane to nitrile
KCN ethanol heat under reflux
halogenoalkane to gringard reagent
Mg dry ether
alkene to dihalogenoalkane
X2 room temp
alcohol to halogenoalkane
conc HX or PCl5 dif method for each halogen
alcohol to keytone
secondary alcohol acidifed K2Cr2O7 heat under reflux
alcohol to aldehyde
primary alcohol acidified K2Cr2O7 distil
keytone/aldehyde to alcohol
LiAlH4 - source of H- ions dry ether hydrolysis
gringard reagent to alcohol
HCOH RCHO RCOR’
keytone/aldehyde to hydroxynitrile
KCN with HCN
carboxylic acid to aldehyde
LiAlH4 dry ether hydrolysis
aldehyde to carboxylic acid
acidified K2Cr2O7 heat under reflux
gringard reagent to carboxylic acid
CO2 hydrolysis
nitrile to amine
H2 nickel catalyst 150* LiAlH4 dry ether hydrolysis
nitrile to carboxylic acid
HCl heat