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1 In mathematics which of the following are integers: 8 5 103 –1.33 1¾ 98 3.14 1500.45 –935 (7 marks)
8 5 103 98 –935
What is a real data type?
A real data type contains numeric data in a decimal form. It is used in situations where more accurate information is required than an integer (a whole number) can provide.
Give two reasons why a programmer would wish to use an integer data type rather than a real data type.
Storage: Real data takes up more memory than integer data; The number has decimals. Processing speed: Calculations using real numbers takes longer than using whole numbers held as integers.
Consider the following sentence and write it as a Boolean: (4 marks) When the door is open and it is cold outside I have to wear my coat.
If (“door is open”) AND (“is cold outside”) then “wear coat” or If door=1 AND cold=1 then coat
In programming what is a ‘string’?
A string, or text, data type is capable of holding any alphanumeric character (letters, numbers or symbols). It is also capable of storing non-printable characters, such as carriage returns, punctuation characters and spaces. The data within a string data type can consist of a combination of letters, numbers and symbols.
What is a ‘variable’ in programming? (1 mark)
Variables are data entities whose values can be altered when a program is compiled. As their name implies, their values vary.
What does the following code do? (3 marks) If (($wet && $cold) || ($poor && $hungry)) { Print “I’m sad!”; }
The ‘print’ statement is executed if wet AND cold are both true OR if poor AND hungry are both true.
What is the study of data structures about? (1 mark)
The study of data structures is about organising data so that it is suitable for computer processing.
Explain the term ‘concurrent’.
‘Concurrent’ means happening at the same time as something else.
Explain, using an example, the term ‘one-dimensional array’.
A one-dimensional array is a list of variables. To create an array, you must first define an array variable of the desired type. One-dimensional arrays in Python and PHP allow a list of items to be stored with the capability of accessing each item by pointing to its location within the array, for example: carMakers = [“Ford”, “Land Rover”, “Vauxhall”, “Nissan”, “Toyota”] or <?php $carMakers = array[Ford, Land Rover,<br></br>Vauxhall, Nissan, Toyota]; ?>
Explain the difference between one- and two-dimensional arrays. (2 marks)
Two-dimensional arrays are nothing more than an array of arrays, in other words an array in one row and another in the next row.
Why is the first element in an array usually [0] not [1]? (2 marks)
It is common practice within programming for the first element within an array to be given an index of zero rather than 1, because 0 is considered by most mathematicians to be a real number between –1 and 1and so in languages wherearrays are positively indexed, zero is the first number (negative indexes are not possible).
Look at the following array. carMakers = [“Ford”, “Land Rover”, “Vauxhall”, “Nissan”, “Toyota”] Use a coded solution to identify ‘Toyota’ as the car_name. (2 marks)
<?php <br></br> $car_name = carMakers[4]; ?>
Program Flow Control Explain with simple examples the basic building blocks of coded solutions. (3 marks)
The basic building blocks are: sequence, selection and looping. • Sequence example: Set, Input, and Output statements • Selection example: Conditional, if and if–else statements • Looping example: Iteration, While and Do–While statements
Represent the following code as a simple flowchart. (4 marks) if condition is true then perform instructions in Block1 else perform instructions in Block2 endif
Design a simple flowchart to show the actions of a single move in a snakes and ladders game.
What is the purpose of procedures and functions in programming languages?
Procedures and functions allow the repetition of certain sections of a program or calculation many times.They also assist in themodulation of code by allowing themselves to be called from any point within a program solution.
What is the main difference between a procedure and a function? (2 marks)
A function carries out actions and returns a value to the main program. A procedurecarries out actions without returning a value.
scope of variables, constant, functions, and procedure What is global scope?
A variable that can be accessed from anywhere within the project that contains its declaration as well as from other projects that refer to that initial project.
In terms of scope, briefly describe what is meant by: (2 marks) a) local variable b) global variable.
The scope of a local variable is the procedure in which it is declared. The scope of a global variable is the whole program.
What are the three types of error that computer programmers encounter when writing software? (3 marks)
• Syntax errors • Run-time errors • Logic errors
What is meant by a ‘format error’ and what is its correct name? (4 marks)
The correct name is ‘syntax error’ and it relates to the grammar rules of the programming language used. These errors are usually due to using the wrong case, placing punctuation in positions where it should not exist or failing to insert punctuation where it should be placed within the code.
State what happens when programming statements are written in the wrong order and state the name for this type of error. (3 marks)
Called ‘run-time errors’, these errors occur when the program instructs the computer to carry out an operation that it is either not designed to do or slow to do. It causes a crash or slow running of the code.
Which type of programming error is the hardest to detect and why? (3 marks)
Logic errors are the most difficult kind of errors to detect and rectify. The program runs successfully but produces incorrect results.