bio exam - old material
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What is the central dogma of information flow?
DNA -> RNA -> protein
What is a gene?
the basic physical and functional unit of heredity
Transcription
The process of making an RNA copy of a genes DNA sequence
Transcription initiation
The phase during which the RNA chain are synthesized
Transcription elongation
The stage when the RNA strand gets longer, thanks to the addition of new nucleotides
Transcription termination
polymerase releases the DNA template and the nascent RNA
Where does transcription happen in the cell?
Cytoplasm
How does RNA polymerase find the start of the gene?
RNA polymerase binds to the DNA of the gene at the promoter
What is the difference between the template strand and the non-template strand?
the template strand can duplicate itself during mRNA synthesis the non-template strand is the same as the new RNA molecule.
What is complementary base pairing?
The standard arrangement of bases in nucleotides in relation to their opposite pairing For example: Adenine and cytosine
Translation
the process through which information encoded in messenger RNA directs the addition of amino acids during protein synthesis
what is a codon and what does it code for?
three nucleotides that encodes one amino acid The genetic code shows which mRNA codons correspond to which amino acids
what is tRNA (transfer RNA)?
“connectors” that carry each amino acid to the correct spot along the mRNA molecule. -> “translates” the genetic code
what is rRNA (ribosomal RNA)?
molecule that stitches together amino acids and forms ribosomes
why is the order of the nucleotides in the mRNA important to the protein it codes for?
so the cell can make many molecules of protein all at once
what’s the chemical formula for respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water)
Glycolysis: starting and ending materials, energy consumed or generated, overall function?
Starts: one molecule of glucose Ends: two pyruvate molecules Consumed or generated: Consumed in the form of ATP Overall function: provide pyruvate for the (TCA) cycle
Kreb’s cycle: starting and ending materials, energy consumed or generated, overall function?
Starts: acetyl-CoA Ends: oxaloacetic acid Consumed or generated: generated Overall function: to produce energy stored and transported as ATP
What’s the electron transport chain?
a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors
Carbon skeleton
The pattern in which the carbon atoms are bonded together in a molecule
What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose and oxygen
Outline the general process of the Calvin Cycle
carbon fixation reduction regeneration of the starting molecule
Why must the 5-carbon RuBP be remade at the end of the cycle?
to regenerate the RuBP acceptor