ZOOLOGY LABORATORY 2

Often credited with creating the first compound microscope, which used a combination of lenses to magnify objects.

Developed a compound microscope with a convex and concave lens.

Known as the “Father of Microbiology” • Made significant improvements to simple microscopes, achieving magnifications of up to 300 times.

___ is the scientific study of small objects using a microscope. It involves the use of various types of microscopes to magnify objects that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, such as cells, bacteria, and other microorganisms.

A ____ microscope is a laboratory instrument used to magnify objects that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

• _____ : The lens you look through to view the magnified specimen. • _____ lenses: A set of lenses with different magnification powers (e.g., 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x). • _____: A rotating mechanism that holds the objective lenses and allows you to switch between them. • ____: A lens system that focuses light onto the specimen. • ____ diaphragm: A mechanism that controls the amount of light passing through the condenser.

• ____ : A platform that holds the specimen. • ____ : Metal clips that secure the specimen in place. • ____ : Coarse and fine adjustment knobs used to bring the specimen into focus. • ____: The main structural support of the microscope. • ____: The bottom part of the microscope that provides stability • ____: A built-in lamp or external light source that provides illumination. • ____: A mirror (in older models) that can be used to reflect light from an external source onto the specimen.

____ microscope • Use visible light or UV light • Brightfield, darkfield, Phase-contrast and fluorescent ____ microscope • Use electron beams

• Most common type. • Image Formation: Light passes through the specimen and is magnified by the objective lenses. • Applications: Suitable for observing stained specimens, such as bacteria and cells.

• Image formation: Only light scattered by the specimen enters the objective lens. • Appearance: Unstained specimens appear bright against a dark background. • Applications: Ideal for observing unstained transparent specimens, such as living microorganisms.

• Image formation: Converts differences in refractive index within the specimen into differences in brightness. • Appearance: Provides a detailed view of unstained living cells and tissues. • Applications: Widely used in cell biology and microbiology.

• Image formation: Detects light emitted by fluorescent molecules within the specimen. • Appearance: Fluorescent molecules appear as brightly colored objects against a dark background. • Applications: Used for studying specific molecules or structures within cells and tissues.

• Image formation: A beam of electrons passes through a thin specimen and is magnified by a series of lenses. • Appearance: Provides a high-resolution image of the internal structure of the specimen. • Applications: Used to study the ultrastructure of cells, tissues, and materials.

• Image formation: A beam of electrons scans the surface of the specimen and interacts with the atoms to produce secondary electrons. • Appearance: Provides a detailed image of the surface topography of the specimen. • Applications: Used to study the surface features of materials, such as metals, ceramics, and polymers.

• Image formation: A beam of electrons scans the surface of the specimen and interacts with the atoms to produce secondary electrons. • Appearance: Provides a detailed image of the surface topography of the specimen. • Applications: Used to study the surface features of materials, such as metals, ceramics, and polymers.

Leeuwenhoek achieve magnifications up to ____

4 microscope of light microscope