Executives, Chapter 8

the political institution responsible for overseeing the execution of laws and policies, and most often associated with the idea of national leadership

the figurehead leader of a state, who may be elected or appointed, or - in the case of monarchs - inherit the position

the elected leader of a government, who comes to office because of the support of voters who identify with their party or platform

a state headed by a monarch, but where the monarch’s political powers are severely limited by constitutional rules

an arrangement in which the executive and the legislature are separately and directly elected, and have separate powers and responsibilities

a presidential executive whose powers are limited by the constitution and by political realities

an arrangement in which executive, legislature, and judiciary are given distinct but complementary sets of powers, such that neither can govern alone and should, ideally, govern together.

an arrangement in which the executive emerges from the legislature (most often in the form of a coalition) and remains accountable to it, and must maintain a working legislative majority in order to remain in office

a body consisting of the heads of major government departments. Sometimes known as a council of ministers. More important in parliamentary than in presidential systems

an agreement in which a government is formed through an agreement involving two or more parties which divide government posts between them

an arrangement in which an elected president coexists with an appointed prime minister and separately elected legislature