B11 Hormonal Coordination

The glands and organs that make hormones and release them into the blood so they can travel all over the body

PTAPOT Pituitary-‘Master Gland’ - Tell the body what to do and tell other gland to release hormones Thyroid-Thyroxine - Regulate rate of metabolism and growth and development Adrenal-Adrenalin - Fight of flight response, increase heart rate Pancreas-Insulin - Regulate blood glucose concentration Ovaries-Oestrogen - Hold eggs Testis-Testosterone - Produces sperm

The nervous system send electrical impulses transported by nerve cells so are very fast and effects dont last long Endocrine system relies on the blood for transportation so signals travel slower but effects last longer Endocrine system acts generally over the whole body whereas nervous system acts in one specific area

Liver Kidneys Pancreas

Released when blood glucose is high-Lowers it

Released if blood glucose is low-Increases it

A long term storage molecule made up of glucose units

Beta cells in the pancreas secrete insulin This causes an uptake of glucose by body cells which is then turned into glycogen and fat Results in decreased levels of glucose in the blood

Alpha cells in pancreas secrete glucagon This causes the conversion of glycogen into glucose Results in glucose being released into blood, increasing levels

When blood glucose concentration is not well controlled by the body

Type 1-The pancreas does not produce enough insulin-Due to genes, the immune system attacks the pancreas Type 2-The cells of the body dont respond to the insulin produced

Use stem cells from human embryos and genetically engineer these to make insulin-No risk of rejection but could cause ethical concern Pancreas transplant-Difficult, risky, not enough donors, immunosuppressants taken instead of insulin Transplanting pancreatic cells from both dead and living donors has been tried with limited success

Insulin is injected and allows glucose to be converted to glycogen in the liver and stops the concentration of glucose in your blood becoming too high

Body cells no longer respond to insulin made by the pancreas, this can be treated by: Eating a balanced diet-Controlled carbs Losing weight Regular exercise There are also drugs that: Help insulin work better on the body cells Help your pancreas make more insulin Reduce the amount of glucose you absorb from your gut

If a factor in the internal environment increases or decreases, changes take place to restore it too its original level

Basal metabolic rate

If thyroxine levels are high, the levels of thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) ,made by the pituitary gland, is low so levels return to normal And vice versa

Fat Old Lady Pants FSH-Follicle stimulating hormone-Causes eggs to mature-Pituitary gland Oestrogen- Stimulates build up and maintenance of uterus lining-Ovaries LH-Luteinising hormone-Stimulates release of egg-Pituitary gland Progesterone-Maintenance of uterus lining during pregnancy-Ovaries

Each month eggs begin to mature in the ovaries At the same time the uterus produces a thickened lining ready for periods Every 28 days a mature egg is released-ovulation If the egg is not fertilised the lining of the uterus is shed along with the egg-Menstruation

The ability to reproduce successfully

Something that reduces the risk of a woman becoming pregnant by preventing the egg and sperm meeting or a fertilised egg implanting in the uterus

FSH treatment can stimulate the maturation of eggs prior to IVF treatment-Fertility drugs contain FSH

Oestrogen and progesterone containing pill that inhibits the production of FSH

Combining the egg and sperm in a petri dish so fertilisation takes place outside the body