Chapter 12: Transport and Ventilation: The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

• transports needed material to the cells and carries away waste materials • heart, blood vessels, blood

• recaptures and filters fluid from the tissues and returns it to the blood stream • network of vessels that begins at the tissues and ends at the veins before the heart • prevents a decrease in blood volume and swelling of tissues • lymph nodes filter the fluid before returning it

• takes oxygen into the body and releases CO2 • regulates pH • moves air in and out of body

-blood is carried in vessels

• blood (hemolymph in these organisms) abthes organs in their body cavities • ex: arthropods

-consists of plasma and red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that float in the fluid plasma

• makes up 50% of blood volume - has dissolved glucose, hormones, ions, gasses, and proteins (such as albumin)

• compose 45% of blood volume • filled with a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen • only cells in the body without a nucleus • made partly of iron anemia: not enough iron leads to not enough oxygen and then lower production of ATP • made in bone marrow

• phagoctyes: engulf anything potentially harmful to the body • lymphocytes: B-cells and T-cells that participate in immunity • made in bone marrow

-make antibodies (mark foreign materials for destruction)

• Helper T-cells: help B-cells and other T-cells divide • Killer T-cells: kill any cells that have been infected by viruses (killer T-cells kill cells that have been taken over by viruses)

• infects and lives in helper T-cells, killing the hyper T cells in the process • patients with AIDS (caused by HIV) often die of other diseases due to their inability to fight infection

• small structures that are necessary for clotting • secretes substance that converts soluble blood protein fibrinogen into insoluble threads of fibrin • made in bone marrow

-determined by the type of proteins that sit on the surface of red blood cells

-gene for the most common blood typing system (ABO group) I^A (A protein), I^B (B protein), and i (absence of protein) are the three alleles of the gene -individual has two alleles to create a blood type -blood type O: ii -blood type A: IAIA or IAi -blood type B: IBIB or IBi -blood type AB: IAIB (produces both proteins)

• if both alleles for a gene are present and expressed separately • ex: blood type

-clumping of red blood cells when the body does not recognize the proteins of newly received red blood cells

-AB blood has both A and B proteins, so it can receive any blood type

-O blood because it has no proteins for the body to detect and react to

• lead away from the heart and enter tissues and then return to the heart • artery • veins • capillaries

• vessel that carries blood away from the heart • have high blood pressure • has thick walls that changes diameter to regulate blood flow • branches and becomes arterioles, and then capilaries • often carries oxygen rich blood

• vessel that carries blood to the heart - low pressure

• smallest blood vessels in the body • site of exchange between blood and tissues • blood flow is slow • nutrients and oxygen enter tissues and waste is taken away • become venules, and then veins • veins get squeezed as the body moves around, allowing for blood to go back to the heart • have valves to ensure that blood moves in one direction • do not regulate flow or have muscular walls • artery side has higher blood pressure • vein side has lower blood pressure, leading to the inability of fluid to all be passed back to the capillaries causing a loss of intracellular fluid to the tissues

-concentrated areas of white blood cells