CP3(C3)
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– external openings of the tracheae
Spiracles
– tracheal dilations of varying size, number, and distribution, found mainly in flying insects
Air sacs
– tubes ranging from 0.5um diameter to less than 10um
Trachea
• 0.1um diameter to less than 0.5um; in close association with cells
Tracheoles
– a series of folds that usally run spirally around the lumen
Taenidia
• Involved in the exchange of gases between the cellular and external environment of insects.
Respiratory System
It is a complex network of tubes
tracheal system
• spiracles are present
Open
– spiracles are non-functional/absent
Close
Two types of Tracheal System
Open Close
– at least 8 pairs of functional spiracles
Polyneustic RS
– at least 1 or 2 pairs of functional spiracles
Oligoneustic RS
– there are no functional spiracles, the tracheal system does not open to the outside
Apneustic RS
• (10 pairs): 1 mesothoracic, 1 metathoracic & 8 abdomina
Holopneustic
– (9 pairs): 1 mesothoracic & 8 abdominal
Perineustic
• (8 pairs): 1 mesothoracic & 7 abdominal
Hemineustic
– (2 pairs): 1 mesothoracic & 1 abdominal
Amphipneustic
• with 1 pair of post-abdominal spiracle
Metapneustic
• with 1 pair of mesothoracic spiracle
Propneustic
– blood cells
Hemocytes
– the body cavity where the blood flows
Hemocoel
– insects blood
Hemolymph
– the only conducting vessel; a vessel situated along the median dorsal line just beneath the integument
Dorsal vessel
– region with valves or ostia; in abdomen; pumping
Heart