Basic Building Blocks
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Are hydrophilic/hydrophobic molecules polar/non-polar?
Hydrophilic - polar Hydrophobic - non-polar
Chains of sugar form
Polysaccharides
Chains of fatty acids form … (3)
Fats Lipids Membranes
Chain of amino acids form…
Proteins
Chain of nucleotides form…
Nucleic acids
Macromolecular assemblies type of bond between macromolecules
Forms when multiple macromolecules come together covalent/ionic
Components of nucleotides
A nitrogen-containing base A 5-carbon sugar 1-3 phosphate groups
What makes the nucleotide negatively charged?
Phosphate groups
Nucleotides found in DNA and RNA
DNA: A T C G RNA: A U C G
Nucleotide vs nucleoside
Nucleotide: sugar + base + phosphate Nucleoside: sugar + base
Bond in the backbone and double helix of DNA
Backbone: covalent Double helix: ionic interactions (mainly hydrogen bonding)
Why does A only bond with T and C only with G (DNA)?
Steric crowding
counting carbons in the ribose ring
C1 is the first carbon to the right of oxygen
Number of covalent bonds between A and T, C and G, hence relative bond strength
A and T: 2 C and G: 3 CG bonds are stronger and harder to break
Type of reaction of polymerisation, and why
Condensation due to the loss of water in the reaction
N terminal and C terminal
N terminal: the end of a chain with a free amino group C terminal: the end of the chain with a free carboxyl group
General formula of simple sugars
(CH2O)n
Glucosamine
Sugar with an amine group attached
Glycan
Collective term for molecules with sugars
GAG
Glycose amino glycan
Proteoglycans
Protein + sugar
Polarity of fatty acids
Long aliphatic (straight chains) hydrocarbon is non-polar Carboxyl and amino group on the other end are polar Overall fatty acids are amphipathic (both philic and phobic)
Components of phospholipids
Two fatty acids, a glycerol and a phosphate group
are polysaccharides hydrophilic or hydrophobic
STRONGLY hydrophilic