B6+B7 Preventing and treating disease and non communicable diseases

droplet infection direct contact ingestion Through the skin

Acts as a barrier If the skin is broken your platelets form a clot that dries into a scab Your skin produces antimicrobial secretions Healthy skin is covered with microorganisms that act as a barrier

They trap particles that may contain pathogens Mucus is wafted up to the back of the throat where it is swallowed Stomach acid then destroys any microorganisms that may have been present in the mucus

Engulf destroy and digest pathogens Produce antibodies that are specific to that pathogen Produce antigens

Tough waxy cuticles or leaves Layers of dead cells around stems/bark

Antibacterial chemicals Poisons

Thorns and hairs Leaves that droop or curl Mimicry

Protein marker on the surface of a cell Helps your body identify its own cells

A foreign antigen enters the body The white blood cell produces antibodies which destroy the pathogen The memory cells remember the pathogen The next time the pathogen enters the body the memory cells can make the antibodies much faster and in higher quantities

Small amounts of a dead or inactive pathogen are injected into the body The antigens in the vaccine stimulate your white blood cells to make antibodies which destroy the antigen with no risk of you getting infected You are now immune because your body can respond rapidly and make the correct antibody as if you have already had the disease

If a large proportion of the population are immune the spread of a pathogen is limited

Relieve symptoms and make you feel better

Kill bacterial pathogens by damaging bacterial cell walls without harming your own cells

Willow bark

Fox gloves-Treatment for heart conditions

To test they have the following properties: Efficacy-Cures the disease Safe-not toxic and has no side affects Stable-Can be used under normal conditions

Preclinical testing-Lots of possible drugs are made to target a disease and are tested for efficacy and toxicity on cells, tissues and organs, the small number of chemical which pass are then tested on animals Clinical Trials-Low doses are given to healthy volunteers, if it is safe then it is tested on larges sample sizes

A version of the drug that does not contain the active ingredient

Half the patients get the real drug, half the patients get the placebo, neither patients nor doctors know who receives what Shows if drug is actually effective

They bind to specific molecules meaning they can be used to locate specific cells in the body, bind to and label specific molecules and be used in diagnostic testing

A mouse in injected with a specific antigen The WBC in the mouse produce antibodies The antibodies are fused with human tumour cells to form a hybridoma The hybridoma divides rapidly to make many WBC The monoclonal antibodies are collected and purified

Pregnancy tests Cancer tratments

The monoclonal antibodies used bind to HCG which is a hormone made only in pregnancy

MCA bind to cancer cells triggering an immune response to destroy cancer cells MCA block receptors on cancer cells which stops them growing MCA carry drugs/radioactive substances to attack only cancer cells