C11 - organic chemistry
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define homologous series
family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties because of the same functional group -physically slightly diff.
why does ane, ene, ol & oic acid react differently from each other but react similarly in the same homologues series
they have different functional groups. Compounds with similar functional groups have similar chemical prosperities
define saturated compound
compound with only single bonds
functional group of each homologues series
ane - only single covalent bond = saturated hydrocarbon compound ene - 1 carbon carbon double bond (can be anywhere within the bond), cannot have for meth ol - has 1 OH oic acid - has 1 COOH amine - NH2
define hydrocarbon
compound which contains only hydrogen and carbon
what type of reaction is with: -ane -ene
ane = substitution (swapping reaction) because ane has full bonds in every carbon so you swap the H ene = addition
define alkanes
-saturated hydrocarbons molecules which contain only single covalent bonds -generally unreactive, except in terms of burning
define alkenes
-unsaturated hydrocarbons whose molecules contain one double covalent bond
types of functional group surfix (name)
-ane -ene -ol -oic acid -amine
beginning names for naming compounds (uses no. Carbon) & their state in room temp
-meth (cannot for ene) -eth (g) -prop (g) -but (g) -pen (g) -hex (l) -hept (l) -oct (l) -non (l)
general formula for ane, ene, ol
ane - C n H 2n+2 ene - C n H 2n ol - C n H 2n+1 OH oic acid - C n H 2n+1 COOH
uses for all hydrocarbons
fuel
combustion reaction of hydrocarbons
incomplete - hydrocarbon + O2 -> CO or C (soot) + H2O complete - hydrocarbon + O2 -> CO2 + H2O -balance starting from C to H
reaction of ene to: 1) ane 2) ol
use a catalyst like Platinum/ Nickle -break double bonds & join with H/ OH, all single bonds 1) react with H2 (hydrogenation) ene + H2 -> ane 2) react with H2O (Steam) - break steam bond to H & OH (hydration) ene + steam -> ol
test for unsaturated compound (ene)
-(halogenation) -add Br2 (diatomic) to ene -color changes from orange/ brown to colourless (decolorizes Br2 solution) -break double bonds & join with Br, all single bonds - break Br2 bond to Br & Br
fermentation reaction of glucose
C6 H12 O6 -> 2 C2 H5 OH + 2CO2 1 glucose -> 2 ethanol + 2 carbon dioxide -anaerobic process -uses yeast as catalyst & needs 25 -35C
2 uses of ethanol
-solvent -fuel (rubbing alcohol, cleaning wounds)
define Volatile
how easily it turns from liquid to gas
define viscous
how fluid (runny) a substance is -shorter carbon chains = low viscosity -longer carbon chains = high viscosity
define fossil fuel & its use
mixtures of hydrocarbons that formed from the remains of plants & animals from high temperature & pressure -they’re combusted to generate electricity
types of fossil fuels
-petroleum (crude oil) -coal -natural gas, main constitute is methAne
define crude oil
-mixture of hydrocarbons which have different chain lengths
process of Fractional distillation of crude oil (petroleum) evaporation & condensation
-oil is heated until evaporates into gas -gases enter a column which is cooler at the top & hotter at the bottom -gases start to cool & condense until it’s a liquid -short chained hydrocarbons condense at the top, because of lower boiling points -longer chained hydrocarbons condense at the bottom, because of higher boiling points -hydrocarbons are separated into fractions
order of fractions in crude oil fractional distillation from lowest boiling point & it use & state in room temp
-refinery gas = heating & cooking gas (g) -petrol oil/ gasoline = fuel in motor vehicle (l) -naphtha = feedstock for making chemicals (l) -paraffin oil/ kerosene - fuel for aircrafts (l) -diesel oil = fuel in diesel engine (l) -lubricating oil = lubricating machinery (l) -Fuel oil = fuel for marine engines/ heating (l) -bitumen = road surfaces (l)