A.1.1 Inter-system communication

CNS,PSN,sensory (a), motor (e), autonomic, somatic, sympathetic, parasympathetic

• brain and spinal cord • conscious and uncounscious nervous activity • regulates the physiological functions • spinal cord helps information travel between the brain and the rest if the body

• consists of all the nerves outside of the CNS • divided into sensory (afferent) nerves and motor (efferent) nerves

Sends information arrives to the CNS what is goin on inside and outside the body

Sends information exits from the CNS to the tissue or system of the body

controls the voluntary movements of the skeletal muscle e.g. kicking a ball

control involuntary bodily functions e.g heart rate and breathing

• activate the flight -or-flight response • increased heart rate

• helps the involuntary functions • body’s housekeeping system • e.g. decrease in heart rate

widening of blood vessels (relaxation of the smooth muscle)

narrowing of blood vessels (contraction of the smooth muscle)

responsable foe maintaining homeostasis - regulating the affect of the internal environment

important for motor control

• the sympathetic increases the heart rate • the parasympathetic decreases the heart rate

• provide information about body positions and movment • amount of tension • position of joints

• detect changes in levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen • sends messages to the brain to provide input to any system

• detect low or high pressure • located in arteries • help regualte blood pressure

• responses take longer to be sent but last longer than the NS • glands that release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate functions in the body

• chemicals released by endocrine glands or tissues to control and regualte the activity of other cells in the body • hormones are directly sent into the blood to target cells • can only interact with specific receptors on some cells

• Hypothalamus ( centre of homeostasis) • Thalamus (motor control)

• The Bundle of His is like a wire in the middle of the heart. It carries the electrical signal • Purkinje fibres spread the signal through the ventricles to make them contract

• Stimulus detected • Sensory neurons sends signal • Prossessing in the CNS • Motor neuron sneds signal • Response happens

• help regulate blood sugar concentration • insulin lowers blood sugar by helping cells absorb and store glucose • glucagon raises blood sugar by releasing stored glucose from the liver

• Steroid are fat-soluble and pass through cell membane e.g testosterone • non-steroid are not fat-soluble e.g adrebaline