Bonding

each type has a specific shape, which describes the probability of finding an electron in a given region of space

spherical and symmetrical orbital , centered around nucleus

orbital composed of two lobes located symmetrically around nucleus and contains a node at the nucleus, like a dumbbell; x, y, or z axis

area where the probability of finding an electron is zero

orbital with four symmetrical lobes and two nodes

formed when two atomic orbitals combine

produced when sign of wave functions is the same, lower energy, more stable

produced when signs of wave functions are different, higher energy, less stable

molecular orbital formed by head-to-head or tail-to-tail overlap; includes all single bonds (accommodating two electrons)

molecular orbital formed when two p-orbitals line up in parallel and their electron clouds overlap

individual pi bonds are _____ than sigma bonds

one π bond on top of an existing σ bond

a σ bond and two π bonds

formed by mixing different types of orbitals

atom with all single bonds; 25% s character, 75% p character

atom with one double bond; 33% s character, 67% p character

atom with one triple bond or two double bonds; 50% s character, 50% p character

alignment of unhybridized p-orbitals down the backbone of a molecule, requires alternating single and multiple bonds; π electrons delocalize through p-orbital system; increases stability