Exam 1

Father of Modern Medicine Separated medicine from association w/ magic Scientific method for patient symptoms and responses to treatments Recognized that thoughts and emotions arise in the brain rather than heart The oath

4 humors Blood Phlegm Black Bile Yellow Bile

health = humoral equilibrium illness = unbalanced humors

blood-letting, herbs like mint or foxglove

globally dominated medicine, psychology, literature, art

Studied medicine in Alexandria Trained on cadavers Better understanding of brain and arteries Focused on “clues” of the disease

developed microscope that allowed him to see microbes “animalcules” described in 1683

the importance of handwashing

organisms must arise from pre-existing organisms, pasteurization

sterilizing surgery tools

isolating bacteria associated with certain diseases

process of food preservation where foods are treated with mild heat to kill harmful microbes and extend shelf life

2 crooked neck flasks filled with broth - boiled them, broke neck of one, left in room temp to see if bacteria would propagate - bacteria only formed in one with broken neck

considered differences between midwife and doctor clinics - birthing position v. bell-ringing priests…autopsies (male friend died after getting pricked by instrument same as childbirth fever), did deaths lessen when doctors washed hands with chlorinated lime?

dressing wounds and cleaning surgical instruments with carboxylic acid improves surgical outcomes

1) Document bacteria routinely associated with the disease 2) Isolate pure cultures of the bacteria* (agar plates) 3) Inject pure culture into animal – Disease symptoms? 4) Reisolate the bacteria from the diseased organism

• Observe/Question • Research topic area • Hypothesis • Test • Analyze data • Report conclusions

Koch

Hypothesis based on experience Three groups of rabbits Infected w/ bacteria - confined to dark, damp, pit w/ minimal food supply Infected w/ bacteria - set free on little island, run in open air w/ plenty of food and water Non-infected - confined to dark, damp pit w/ minimal food supply

latent - have the bacteria in them, but don’t develop the disease active - bacteria multiply and cause disease

right after the earthquake in 2010 - initial breakout near UN peacekeeper camp w/ poor sanitation experienced a resurgence in 2022 after president assassination saw decline in public health

rainy season,

Haiti, Kenya, Congo, Somalia, Afghanistan, other places

explosive watery diarrhea - massive fluid loss leads to death by hydration (mostly w/in first 12 hours of symptoms) mortality 50% until fairly recently