Overview

the application of science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system.

Founder of Forensic Toxicology Age of 26- published his first paper on poisons Arsenic case with woman and older husband who died and people thought was murdered Orfila was able to show that there was arsenic in the bones of the deceased and the wife was convicted for his murder

Started collected thumbprints in 1888 Credited with developing the first classification system of fingerprints Wrote Finger Prints (1892) Credited with the first classification system for fingerprints First proponent to classify the loop, arch, and whirl “Galton ridge” used to describe a feature in fingerprints

Coined the term, “criminalistcs “ Published Criminal Investigation (1893) Started the journal, Kriminologie Helped define the specializations

Medical examiner for paris Helped advanced fingerprints, firearms, and hair analysis Developed probability models Helped show that fingerprints are unique, but showed that there is a small chance of 10 to the sixtieth that people will have the same patterns First to note distinctive markings in firarems and the bullet hole produced in soft fabrics With Marcell Lambert - wrote The Hair of Man and Animals Testified used photographs and comparison techs to id bullets involved in a fatal shooting

First to use body measurements along with descriptive information in photos to creat descriptive cards of an individual Anthropometry (Bertillonage) First forensic scientist in Europe to use fingerprints to solve a case (1902) Made room on his system for the right hand fingerprints Mona lisa case only had left hands Realization that you need fingerprints from both hands Big shift to fingerprints (1910)

Developed the fundamental principles of document examination Responsible for acceptance of documents as scientific evidence by the courts Wrote first scientific text in the field, still used today, Questioned Documents (1910) First one to get these docs into the courtroom as someone who testified and showed they are scientific evidence Not as broadly used due to DNA advancements that caused it to be phased out

Trained in both law and medicine Locard’s exchange principle Established a forensic lab in Lyon, France (1910) “Every contact leaves a trace” One of the only principles that always stands true Believed that trace evidence was super important in tying people together Studied microscopic trace evidence (dust, etc.)

Karl Landsteiner’s blood groups (1901) intrigued Lattes Devised a procedure for determining the blood group of dried bloodstains Most research now is focused on how long a blood stain has been there Currently trying to advance by determining how much blood was originally shed by dried blood spatter

Credited with establishing the scientific exam of firearms in the US Army physician and gun enthusiast Joined the Bureau of Forensic Ballistics Named Director of the scientific crime detection lab at Northwestern University Valentine’s Day massacre (Capone Italian and Irish gang, PD involved) • Goddard was able to determine the weapon used (Thompson sub machine guns) • Goddard and his coworkers were the ones able to created the comparison microscopes to see if firearm data lines up and creates the same markings

World’s preeminent microscopist Educated thousands throughout the world in the application of microscopic techniques for the visualizaiton for different aspects of evidence Used stereo microscopes to show people how they can look at a tool and determine where you can swab for certain things like blood

1981: first time the US had a training research center (“forensic science research and training center”) dedicated to new scientific methods and research FBI Used mostly by the FBI, but houses most training for all law enforcement

Largest crime lab in the world Offers services to all law enforcement Under directorship of Hoover (not the lab but general creation) National Laboratory offering forensic services to all law enforcement

Oldest US forensic laboratory Created in 1923 by August, last name in recording