Topic #8: Endocrine System
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What are the properties of the Endocrine System?
Regulates longer term metabolic processes, Shares features with the nervous system, Releases hormones from endocrine cells
What are hormones?
Chemicals
What do hormones alter?
Metabolism of cells
What is hormonal release regulated by?
Negative feedback
What do hormones act upon?
Target Cells
What are the three chemical families of hormones?
Amino Acid Derivatives, Peptides & Proteins, and Lipid Derivatives
Examples of Amino Acid Derivatives
Epinephrine, thyroid hormones
Examples of Peptides & Proteins
Insulin, ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)
Examples of Lipid Derivatives
Steroids (Testosterone) and Eicosanoids (Prostaglandins)
What are Target Cells?
Peripheral cells that can respond to a particular hormone
What are Hormone Receptors?
a protein in the cell membrane, or within the cytoplasm or nucleus, to which a hormone specifically binds to trigger its actions on a target cell.
Where are Extracellular Receptors located?
Cell membrane
What are Extracellular Receptors targeted by?
Amino Acid Derivatives, Peptides, Eicosanoids
How do Extracellular Receptors operate?
Through a second messanger
Where are intracellular receptors located?
Cytoplasm or Nucleus
What are intracellular receptors targeted by?
Steroid and Thyroid hormones
How do intracellular receptors operate?
Through changes in gene expression
What do thyroid hormones also act on?
Mitochondira
What are hormones inactivated by?
Binding to cell receptors, removal by liver/kidney cells, breakdown by extracellular enxymes
Where do hormones directly enter to?
Capillaries
Distribution is wide in it’s circulation…therefore…
most hormones travel free in solution and steroids, thyroid hormones bind to blood proteins for transport
What do hormones leptin and guerlain do?
Take away hunger
What does serotonin do?
Increases hunger (signal for hunger)
What is Humoral (Fluid) Stimuli?
control of hormone release in accordance to non-hormonal chemicals in blood (nutrients or ions)