Organic Introduction

Is a compound consisting of hydrogen carbon only

The formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom.

shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound

Algebraic formula for a homologous series e.g. CnH2n

Shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule, eg for butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3,

isplayed formula: show all the covalent bonds and atoms present in a molecule

Is an atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules causes them to have similar chemical properties

are families of organic compounds with the same functional group and same general formula. • They show a gradual change in physical properties (e.g. boiling point). • Each member differs by CH2 from the last. • same chemical properties.

• count the longest carbon chain and name appropriately • Find any branched chains and count how many carbons they contain • Add the appropriate prefix for each branch chain

each atom gets one electron from the covalent bond one headed arrow shows movement of one electron When a bond breaks by homolytic fission it forms two free radicals. Free radicals do not have a charge and are represented by a

One atom gets both electrons two headed arrow shows movement of pair of electrons Most organic reactions occur via heterolytic fission, producing ions

Same molecular formula different structures (or structural formulae) Structural isomerism can arise from • Chain isomerism • Position isomerism • Functional group isomerism

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton

Compounds with the same molecular formula but with atoms arranged to give different functional groups