Kingdom Plantae

Are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that are photoautotrophic, have cell walls, and exhibit alternation of generations.

Alternation between the stages of a multicellular diploid sporophyte and a multicellular haploid gametophyte phase.

A group of non-vascular plants, including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They lack true roots, stems, and leaves. Require moist environments for reproduction and growth.

Has a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, with the gametophyte being the dominant phase.

Most diverse group of bryophytes. They are small, herbaceous plants often found in damp habitats. Its gametophyte consists of leafy stems and rhizoids for anchorage. They reproduce via spores released from capsules borne on sporophytes.

Liverworts have a flattened, ribbon-like thallus. Its gametophyte stage is dominant, while the sporophyte is short-lived. Some species have specialized structures called gemmae cups for asexual reproduction.

Hornworts have horn shaped sporophytes arising from a flattened gametophyte. Similar to liverworts, with a dominant gametophyte phase.

Tracheophytes

-Are tracheophytes Have primitive vascular plants with small, scale-like leaves and reproduce by spores.

Ferns and allies Psilophyta (whisk ferns) Sphenophyta (horsetails) Pterophyta (true ferns)

A diverse group of vascular plants with true leaves (fronds) and roots. They reproduce via spores produced in sporangia on the underside of fronds.