Chapter 1.7: A Combined Valence Bond and Molecular Orbital Theory Approach to Covalent Bonding
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Define Sigma (σ) bonding molecular orbital
a molecular orbital in which electron density is concentrated between two nuclei; along the axis joining them, and is cylindrically symmetrical
Define molecular orbital (MO) theory
a theory of chemical bonding in which electrons in molecules occupy molecular orbitals that extend over the entire molecules and are formed by the combination of the atomic orbitals that make up the molecule
What is a state of a system at higher energy than the ground state?
excited state
Define antibonding molecular orbital
a molecular orbital in which electrons have a higher energy than they would in isolated atomic orbitals
Define sp2 hybrid orbital
• a hybrid atomic orbital formed by the combination of one s orbital and two 2p atomic orbitals
Define pi (п) bonding molecular orbital
a covalent bond formed by the overlap of parallel 2p orbitals • lack of electron density along bond axis • breaks if rotated 90°
Define ground state
the lowest energy state of a system
Define excited state
a state of a system at higher energy than the ground state
What is a theory of chemical bonding in which electrons in molecules occupy molecular orbitals that extend over the entire molecules and are formed by the combination of the atomic orbitals that make up the molecule?
molecular orbital (MO) theory
What is the lowest energy state of a system?
ground state
What is a molecular orbital in which electrons have a higher energy than they would in isolated atomic orbitals?
antibonding molecular orbital
What is - a hybrid atomic orbital formed by the combination of one s orbital and two 2p atomic orbitals?
sp2 hybrid orbitals
What is a hybrid atomic orbital formed by the combination of one s atomic orbital and two 2p atomic orbitals?
sp hybrid orbital
What is a hybrid atomic orbital formed by the combination of one s atomic orbital and three 2p atomic orbitals?
sp3 hybrid orbitals
What is a molecular orbital in which electron density is concentrated between two nuclei; along the axis joining them, and is cylindrically symmetrical?
Sigma (σ) bonding molecular orbital
Define hybrid orbital
an orbital formed by the combination of two or more atomic orbitals
Define bonding molecular orbital
a molecular orbital in which electrons have a lower energy than they would in isolated atomic orbitals
Define sp hybrid orbital
a hybrid atomic orbital formed by the combination of one s atomic orbital and two 2p atomic orbitals
Define sp3 hybrid orbitals
a hybrid atomic orbital formed by the combination of one s atomic orbital and three 2p atomic orbitals
What is an orbital formed by the combination of two or more atomic orbitals?
hybrid orbitals
Define hybridization
the combination of atomic orbitals of different types
What is the combination of atomic orbitals of different types?
hybridization
What is a molecular orbital in which electrons have a lower energy than they would in isolated atomic orbitals?
bonding molecular orbital
What is a model of bonding that places electron pairs between adjacent atoms to create bonds?
valence bond theory