organic chemistry (75-78, 80) (paper 2)
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what is the functional group for an alcohol
OH - oxygen hydrogen
what is the functional group for carboxylic acids
carbon double bonded to an oxygen and the carbon bonded to an OH
what is the functional group for esters
a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and the carbon bonded to a O
what is the prefix for alcohol
-ol
what is the prefix for carboxylic acids
-oic acid
what is the prefix for esters
-yl -anoate
what is the general formula for alcohols
CnH2n+1OH
which is bonded to the carbon the O or the H
the O
what can alcohols be oxidised to form
carboxylic acids
what is the oxidising agent for alcohols -> carboxylic acids
potassium dichromate solution with dilute sulfric acid with some heat
how else are carboxilic acids formed from alcohols
microbial oxidation = microorganisms
what is distilation
evapouration followed by condensation
when is purifying ethanol used
• making alcoholic drinks • ethanol for cars • alternative in chemical industry
what are the two methods to make ethanol
• fermentation • direct hydration
what are the reagents and conditons for fermentation
• sugars from plants • 30degrees • anerobic conditions • catalyst = yeast
why does fermentation take place in anaerobic conditions
because it will oxidise the ethanol to ethanoic acid
what is the equation for fermentation
C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 glucose -> ehtanol + carbon dioxide
what are the advantages and disadvantages of fermentation
+renewable resource +low tech equipment +only small temps needed -waste product CO2 -not concerntrated enough = must be distilled -slow
what are the reagents and condition for direct hydration
• ethene cracked from crude oil • water as steam • catalyst = phosphoric acid • 300degrees celcius • pressure 60-70atmospheres
what is the catalyst for fermentation
yeast
what is the catalyst for direct hydration
phosphoric acid
what is the equation for direct hydration
C2H4 + H2O -> C2H8OH ethene + water -> ethanol
what are the advantages and disadvantages of direct hydration for ethanol production
+fast & more efficient +cheap -non-renewable method -lots of energy required for temperatures
what is ethanol oxidised to form
ethanoic acid