Synthesis of Amines
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How are primary amines synthesised from haloalkanes? (nuc. s - hal.alk. w/ exc. amm.)
By nucleophilic substitution of a haloalkane with excess ammonia
What conditions are required to react a halogenoalkane with ammonia to form an amine? (XS NH3 - hgh. prs. - NH3 dslvd. ethnl.)
Excess ammonia, high pressure, and ammonia dissolved in ethanol
Role of ammonia in synthesis of amines from haloalkanes?
Acts as a nucleophile
Why is excess ammonia used in the reaction of a halogenoalkane with ammonia? (red. chnc. - fth. rctns. frmng. unwntd. sub. amns.)
To reduce the chance of further reactions forming unwanted substituted amines
What are the two products formed when a halogenoalkane reacts with ammonia? (amne. + amm. slt.)
An amine and ammonium salt
Give the equation for the reaction between chloroethane and ammonia
CH₃CH₂Cl + 2NH₃ → CH₃CH₂NH₂ + NH₄Cl
How can nitriles be used to synthesise amines? (ntrls. red. - prim. amnes.)
Nitriles are reduced to primary amines
What reagents and conditions are used to prepare amines from nitriles? (hydr. gs. w/ nkl. ctlyst. + ht.)
Hydrogen gas with a nickel catalyst and heat
What type of reaction is the preparation of amines from nitriles?
A reduction reaction
What is the general equation for reducing a nitrile to a primary amine?
RCN + 2H₂ → RCH₂NH₂
Give the overall equation for the reduction of ethanenitrile to ethylamine
CH₃CN + 2H₂ → CH₃CH₂NH₂
How many products are formed in the reduction of nitriles?
One one product - the amine
Why does the reduction of nitriles have a higher atom economy than reacting halogenoalkanes with ammonia? (1 prod. frm. + no chnc. - frthr. rctns.)
Only one product is formed and there is no chance of further reactions
What is an aromatic nitro compound?
An aromatic compound containing an –NO₂ group
How are aromatic amines made from benzene? (nit. benz. - nitrobenz. - red. - amin.)
Nitration of benzene to form nitrobenzene, follow by reduction to an anime
Reagents used to reduce nitrobenzene compound to aromatic amines? (T + conc. HCL + NaOH)
Tin and concentrated hydrochloric acid, followed by sodium hydroxide
What are the products when aromatic nitro compounds are reduced with HCl and tin?
An aromatic amine and water
What is a use of aromatic amines industrially?
To manufacture dyes