Exam 3

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Total cards: 24•Content version: v4•Public deck•Updated: 8/1/2026

Card preview (24)

Front (Question)

What are the major electron carriers in the ETC?

Back (Answer)

flavoproteins, iron-sulfur proteins, cytochromes, copper-containing cytochromes, coenzyme Q

Front (Question)

GLY-1 reaction + explanation

Back (Answer)

Glucose → G-6-P - Rxn is highly exergonic and powered by ATP - Glucose gets phosphorylated to make G6P

Front (Question)

GLY-2 reaction + explanation

Back (Answer)

G-6-P ⇌ F-6-P - G6P gets rearranged into fructose

Front (Question)

GLY-3 reaction + explanation

Back (Answer)

F-6-P ⇌ F-1,6P -Rxn is highly exergonic and powered by ATP, leaving ADP and H⁺ leftover - Fructose makes fructose bisphosphate

Front (Question)

GLY-4 reaction + explanation

Back (Answer)

F-1,6P ⇌ Dihydroxyacetone + G3P - F-1,6P is split into two isomers - 1st G3P molecule is made

Front (Question)

GLY-5 reaction + explanation

Back (Answer)

Dihydroxyacetone ⇌ G3P - Dihydroxyacetone from GLY-4 makes the 2nd G3P molecule

Front (Question)

GLY-6 reaction + explanation

Back (Answer)

2 G3P ⇌ 2 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate - NAD⁺ is reduced to NADH, NAD⁺ acts as an electron acceptor

Front (Question)

GLY-7 reaction + explanation

Back (Answer)

2 1,3-BPG ⇌ 2 3-Phosphoglycerate - Makes 2 ATP via substrate level phosphorylation from ADP + Pi - Phosphate group comes from BPG

Front (Question)

GLY-8 reaction + explanation

Back (Answer)

2 3-Phosphoglycerate ⇌ 2 2-Phosphoglycerate - 3 phosphoglycerate gets rearranged

#10

Front (Question)

GLY-9 reaction + explanation

Back (Answer)

2 2-Phosphoglycerate ⇌ 2 PEP - PEP gets hydrolyzed (water is a byproduct) - The most exergonic reaction in a biological system

#11

Front (Question)

GLY-10 reaction + explanation

Back (Answer)

2 PEP → 2 Pyruvate - Phosphate groups from PEP are joined with ADP to make ATP - 2 ATP molecules are synthesized via substrate level phosphorylation of ADP + H⁺

#12

Front (Question)

What is the overall reaction of glycolysis?

Back (Answer)

glucose + 2 NAD⁺ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H⁺ + 2ATP

#13

Front (Question)

What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?

Back (Answer)

2 ATP

#14

Front (Question)

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

Back (Answer)

Direct transfer of a phosphate group from an organic substrate to ADP by an enzyme. Substrate level phosphorylation generates much less ATP during cellular respiration than oxidative phosphorylation.

#15

Front (Question)

When does substrate level phosphorylation occur?

Back (Answer)

During glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

#16

Front (Question)

How many ATP molecules does substrate level phosphorylation generate?

Back (Answer)

4 ATP molecules (2 ATP from glycolysis, 2 ATP per cycle of CAC)

#17

Front (Question)

What are the two types of anaerobic respiration?

Back (Answer)

lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation

#18

Front (Question)

What is the reaction of lactic acid fermentation?

Back (Answer)

2 pyruvate + 2 NADH ⇌ 2 lactate + 2 NAD⁺

#19

Front (Question)

What is lactic acid fermentation used for?

Back (Answer)

• Makes cheese and yogurt • Lactate is made when muscle cells undergoes lots of exercise, causing fatigue and soreness

#20

Front (Question)

What is the reaction for alcoholic fermentation?

Back (Answer)

2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 4H⁺ → 2 ethanol + 2 CO₂ + 2 NAD⁺

#21

Front (Question)

Where does alcoholic fermentation occur?

Back (Answer)

Plant cells

#22

Front (Question)

What steps does phase 3 of glycolysis include?

Back (Answer)

Steps 8-10, Pyruvate formation and ATP generation

#23

Front (Question)

What steps of phase 1 of glycolysis include?

Back (Answer)

Steps 1-5, Preparation and cleavage

#24

Front (Question)

What steps does phase 2 of glycolysis include?

Back (Answer)

Steps 6-7, Oxidation and ATP generation