Language Production

• Prepare a message: “conceptual focusing” and “perspective taking” • Select words and frames: “lemma activation” and “lexical selection” • Positional processing: “positional processing of words in a sentence” “positional processing of phonemes in words” Step 4: Articulation motor plan

Step 1: Prepare a message You have to think about your audience, what the person knows in general, what you want to do, and what you want to convey

Step 2: Select words and frames Do I have a lemma for the concepts I need for the message, and does my audience have the same words?

Step 3: Positional processing What kind of syntactic frame do I need for the lemma?, The positions I need to put the words in the frame, and what phonemes do I need, and where do they go? Each level has its own frame like the syntactic frame of a sentence and the phonological frame of a morpheme

Movements of sounds, words, or phrases Slips usually happen within the same clause Thus, planning is likely done clause by clause

Anticipation Exchange Perseveration

a type of speech error where a sound or word from a later part of a sentence is mistakenly used or substituted for an earlier one Leading list (reading list)

A swap of endings Speer bill (spill beer)

When a sound, word, or phrase from earlier in an utterance reappears later in the same utterance, replacing the correct element Beef needle (beef noodle)

Slips occur within levels of representation Slips occur within the same types

Based on word level, the idea that nouns switch with nouns and verbs switch with verbs

Deal with phoneme level

Word slips follow the syntactic category rule and have non-syntactic tendencies (semantically related words)

Message Planning -> Word Positioning -> Phoneme Positioning Fairly independent Information flows in one direction Phonological encoding only happens after lexical insertion Semantic slips and phonological slips are independent

Semantic relatedness is easy to explain with the modular theory We choose words based on what they mean For example, when retrieving a lemma that overlaps with other lemmas, you activate multiple lemmas

Not easy to explain with the Modular view Because, according to the modular view, we do not choose or arrange words based on how they sound but on meaning Syntactic rules do not consult phonology Because according to modular view by the time you integrate sounds (phoneme positioning) you have already chosen the words (word positioning) thus phonological word slips don’t make sense

Activation in network flows down and up (bidirectional- end activation back and forward) Lexical selection happens when the network settles into a stable state Semantic tendencies top-down effect Phonological tendencies are a bottom-up effect Semantic+phonological slips should occur more often than expected by chance Both semantics and phonology converge to influence lexical selection Message planning -> word positioning <-> phoneme positioning

Aim: Can we prime syntactic structures? STUDY 1 Procedures: Subjects read a sentence that is either an active or passive sentence, then are shown an image and told to generate a sentence to describe what is happening in the image. Findings: Thus, active sentence structure primes active sentence structure and passive sentence structure primes passive sentence structure. STUDY 2 Procedures: Subjects read a word (thunder or worship) related to an aspect of the image that is going to be shown next, and then had to generate a sentence to describe what is happening. Findings: Thunder primes lightning as the subject, making an active sentence. Worship primes church as the subject, making a passive sentence.

Procedure: A subject is shown a blank screen, then a square is going to flash on one side of the screen rapidly that the subjects unconsciously focus on that side. After that, an image will show up, and the participants need to describe the scene Findings: The typical eye movement consisted of when looking at the last screen, the eye movement goes from the middle, then goes to the cued character of where the square was. Leading to that, priming the subject of the sentence, depending on where the square was.

Structures’ prime structures (eg, active -> active) Words prime other words, and then structures Attention to visual word primes words, and then structures