Animal Biology

an organism that keep their internal fluids isotonic to their environments. Their internal salinity is the same as the water they are in often marine creatures

organisms that actively regulate their osmotic pressure independent of their surrounding environment often freshwater

the maintenance of relatively stable physical and chemical conditions of internal body fluids

organisms are open systems that exchange matter to maintain homeostasis

gills - ionic fluxes, passive water movement kidney - ultrafiltration, urine production intestine - water absorption

the active regulation of osmotic pressure of body fluids so that homeostasis is maintained by the excretory systems

water, carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes (ammonia, urea, uric acid)

Protonephridia, metanephridia, Malpighian tubes

extensions of the gut wall They are blind ends that lie in the hemocoel that are actively transport uric acid (etc) into the tubule which then passes into the gut and water

high metabolic rate leads to large volumes if nitrogenous waste. Kidneys and other adaption conserve water

functions in excretion and osmoregulation. Its vital to maintaining homeostasis. Its a key organ in the urinary system

filtration of plasma which reabsorbs needed materials and secretes other substances

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

It is a system of blood vessals or spaces through which the blood can flow. Includes the heart, arteries etc. Delivers oxygen to cells and removes waste

blood is not confined to closed vessels and blood tissue exchange happens in tissue spaces called lacunae many are organized channels through certain organ e.g. gills

the vessel from each gill to heart atria. The blood from the gills collect hear and enter through the dorsal ostia

difficult to accurately regulate sluggish

in organisms with higher metabolic rate and contractile vessels and accessory hearts. Its always contained with in the vessals

in fish its a single loop system which limits rate of oxygen delivery and has low blood pressure but allows blood to be fully oxygenated leaving the gills. The heart is a tube pump

three chambered. Pulmonary and systemic circulation It allows for higher blood pressure but no complete separation of vertices

four chambered. pulmonary and systemic Advantages include complete seperation continuous perfusion of lungs and increased efficiency

hormone and chemical signals that regulated almost every biological process including growth and development, mental development, mood, memory, sexual maturation, immune functions

steroids derived from cholesterol, amine derivatives and, peptides and proteins

hormones travel through blood until they reach their particular receptor cell. They then turn on or off functions which triggers a reaction