Unit 1.7
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What is the high energy molecule?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
What does ADP stand for?
Adenosine diphosphate
When energy is released what happens to the terminal phosphate of ATP and what does it form?
ATP is broken and forms ADP +Pi
What is the ATP/ADP cycle?
ATP -> breakdown: releasing energy -> ADP + Pi (low-energy state) -> Build up: requiring energy -> ATP
What is phosphorylation?
When a phosphate is added e.g. ADP + Pi —> ATP
What are the 3 stages of respiration and where do they occur?
• Glycolysis - Cytoplasm • Citric acid cycle - Matrix of mitochondria • ETC - Inner membrane
What is glycolysis?
Where with no oxygen needed, glucose is broken down into pyruvate through a series of enzyme controlled steps
What is the energy investment phase?
Where glucose must be phosphorylated. 2 ATP is required to do this. This produces an intermediate
What is the energy pay off phase?
When 4 ATP are generated in the energy pay off phase, resulting in a net gain of 2 ATP. Hydrogen ions and electron are removed using dehydrogenase enzymes. The H ions and electrons are to NAD to form NADH. This is passed to the ETC
In aerobic conditions, what is pyruvate from glucose broken down into?
Acetyl
What does acetyl combine with and what does it create?
Coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA
What does acetyl CoA combine with and what does it form?
Oxcaloacetate to form citrate
To continue the cycle, what is citric converted back to?
Oxcaloacetate
What enzyme removes H ions and electrons and them to NAD forming NADH?
Dehydrogenase
What order to the citric acid cycle go in?
citrate -> Co2 -> NAD ↪️ NADH -> intermediates -> ADP + Pi ↪️ ATP -> oxaloacetate -> acetyl CoA
What is ETC?
A series of carrier proteins attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane
What does NADH release and why?
Hydrogen ions and electrons to generate ATP
What is the energy from the electrons used to do?
Pump hydrogen ions across the membrane
What flows back through the membrane and what does it cause?
Hydrogen ions and it causes the enzyme ATP synthase to produce ATP.
What do hydrogen ions combine with and what do they form?
Oxygen to form water
What is the ATP that is generated used for?
To transfer energy to cellular processes that require energy