exam 1 pt 3
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Given the following determine if the overall reaction (A –> D) is favorable, unfavorable, or at equilibrium. A –> B –> C –> D * A –> B [REDACTED]kcal/mol * B –> C [REDACTED]kcal/mol * C –> D [REDACTED]kcal/mol what to do
If all steps are added ALL the numbers and you get a + number – it’s unfavorable. If it’s - number – it’s favorable. If it’s 0 – it’s at equilibrium
At which point is an enzyme most likely in its [REDACTED]est energy conformation? greatest and lowest
Greatest – Product state (?) Lowest – Transition State
Which of the following best describes the [REDACTED] of an enzyme system? energy in TS state, active site, catalytic act, specificity, function
Energy when in the TS state – is the lowest out of the reaction Active site – where binding happen Catalytic activity – rate that the enz can convert substrate into products Specificity – ability to bind and catalyze reactions with specific substrates Function – speed up chem rxns
FAD is an electron carrier with a similar purpose to NAD. However, what distinguishes FAD from NAD?
FAD does not get released from the covalent bond with the enzyme until H2 is removed – making it move slower, does not have an enzyme pool, oxidation rxn NAD has a diverse enzyme pool, not permanently bound to the enz, two functions, catabolic pathways, coenzyme
Which of the following inhibitors is likely to be the most potent?
Transition State > Suicide > Uncompetitive
Which enzyme class would contain [REDACTED]? 5 classes T-3, O-2, H-3, Ly-4, Li-3
Hexokinase, kinases, Aminotransferases – Transferase Cytochrome P450, alcohol/aldehyde dehydrogenase – Oxidoreductases RNases, DNases, Hydrolase – Hydrolases Synthase, Synthetase, Aldolase, DOPA Decarboxylase – Lyases Coenzymes, pyruvate carboxylase, aminoacyl-rRNA synthetase – Ligases
A hypothetical enzyme, Gerbilase, [REDACTED] ATP to generate a compound from two substrates. What type of enzyme is this? Forms new bonds using/hydrolysing ATP to make 2 subs – Transfers phosphate from ATP to glucose – New bonds without ATP –
Forms new bonds using/hydrolysing ATP to make 2 subs – Ligase New bonds without ATP – Lyase Transfers phosphate from ATP to glucose – Transferases / Kinases
Which enzyme class has enzymes that will [REDACTED]? cut bonds with water, move functional groups from one molecule to another ex. phosphorylation, add or remove electrons from a molecule, cut bonds with C-C or C-n, create bonds joining molecules together into larger molecules, changing structure w/o additing or removing 6 classes with 6 subclasses
Hydrolases: cut bonds with water Transferases: move a functional group from one molecule to another (e.g., phosphorylation) Kinases add phosphates from ATP to a molecule Oxidoreductases: Add or removed electrons from a molecule Dehydrogenases removed hydrides from molecules to perform oxidation Lyases: Cut bonds usually carbon-carbon or carbon-nitrogen, can also join these bonds. Ligases: Create bonds usually joining molecules together into larger molecules Together with Lyases we may see synthases (no ATP requirement) or synthetases (require ATP or something similar perhaps GTP) Isomerases: Change the structure of a molecule without adding or removing anything. Mutases: move phosphates Epimerases / Racemases: change chirality
Which type of inhibitor would provide the best starting point for developing a therapy for [REDACTED] and why? (Select 2 answers, the mode of inhibition and the error with the enzyme.) Ethanol sensitivity
Uncompetitive Inhibition will provide a starting point because it will decrease the Km. The enzyme error is caused in the mitochondrial enzyme due to a single amino acid mutation
LOOK AT THE GRAPHS
rn!
gerbil question
5 in the gift !? count the ones in the exam
pathway question
REFER TO THE LAST CHALLENGE QUESTION OF THE GLYCOGENOLYSIS PPT! WILL ALMOST 100% ASK THAT QUESTION Trace a pathway from glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate, be sure to consume ATP in the process SEP format Glycogen -> glycogen phosphorylase -> glucose-1-phosphate Glucose-1-phosphate -> phosphoglucomutase -> glucose-6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate -> glucose-6-phosphatase -> glucose Glucose -> hexokinase (ATP) -> glucose-6-phosphate Actual pathway for glycogenolysis: Glycogen -> glycogen phosphorylase -> glucose-1-phosphate Glucose-1-phosphate -> phosphoglucomutase -> glucose-6-phosphate