Chapter 16 organic synthesis

Round-bottom or pear-shaped flask condenser rubber tubing stand and clamp heat source • heat allows reaction under reflux to be carried out at fixed temperature ( heat mantle when heating flammable liquids)

• flask is clamped by its neck (add reaction mixture and anti-bumping granules before fitting to condenser –> makes boiling smoother ( if not used, bubbles form and glassware vibrates or jumps violently) –> thin layer of grease to ground-glass joint on condenser –> liebig condenser: water in at bottom tube/ water out at top

round-bottom or pear shaped flask condenser rubber tubing heat source stand and clamp screw-cap adaptor receiver adaptor still head thermometer

flask clamped by neck and still head (T shaped and two ground glass joints) connected to flask –> second clamp is placed around receiver adaptor and condenser is fitted between tightly water in from tube AWAY from heat/ water out from tube CLOSE to heat –> thermometer is set up close to intersection of still head and condenser

• ensure tap of separating funnel is closed • pour mixture of liquids into separating funnel, place a stopper in top of funnel and invert to mix contents • allow laters to settle • Add some water to see which layer increases in volume (aqueous layer) • Place conical flask under funnel and remove stopper. Open tap until whole lower layer has left tunnel • Place second conical flask to collect other layer

Traces of water can be removed with drying agents e.g. anhydrous inorganic salt • Add organic liquid to conical flask • Using spatula add some drying agent and gently swirl together • Place stopper on flask to prevent product from evaporating. Leave for 10 mins • If solid has stuck together in lump, add more drying agent till some solid is dispersed as fine power • Decant liquid from solid into another flask (if liquid is dry, it should be clear) Then redistill the solution

preparation of complex molecules from simple starting materials

After identifying functional groups of a compound, you can predict properties and reactions e.g. if it is an alkene, it can form an alkane/ haloalkane/ alcohol AND if it is a primary alcohol, it can form an alkene, haloalkane, aldehyde or carboxylic acid

compound chemists are trying to prepare via organic synthesis