Chapter 5 Cell Respiration and Metabolism

A reaction in the body that involves energy and energy transformation

Anabolism Catabolism

Construction of smaller units into larger units using ATP

Break down of complex molecules into smaller units which releases energy

Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons) Reduction Is Gain (of electrons)

2 ATP used 2 ATP net made 2 Pyruvic acid 2 NADH 2 H+

• Pyruvic acid turns into lactate by lactate dehydrogenase which then turns into lactic acid. • This causes NADH to be oxidised for glycolysis • Lactic acid enters liver where gluconeogensis occurs to convert lactic acid into pyruvate and then into glucose This produces 2 ATP

Pyruvic acid leaves cytoplasm and enters matrix Acetyl coenzyme and oxaloacetate form citrate 2 cycles of Krebs occurs: Forms... 6 NADH 2 FADH 2 ATP

Production of ATP via pairing of electron transport system with phosphorylation of ADP • Proteins pick up electrons from NADH and FADH2 and transport them along a pathway • Oxidation of NADH and FADH2 allows H+ to be used for phosphorylation of ADP to ATP • H+ is pumped into membrane, causes gradient which diffuses through ATP synthase • Production of 36 ATP molecules - 30 enter the cytoplasm

Formation of glycogen from glucose

conversion of glycogen back into glucose

the production of new glucose using the lactic acid produced in the cori cycle

Glucose is converted into glycogen and stored as fat

formation of fat Usually in the adipose tissue and liver

break down of stored fat into glyerol + fatty acids by lipase enzymes

8 Converted into glucose or fat