TASK 9 - MILITARY AND POLICE FORCE

• maintenance of security in domestic sphere • maintenance of security in international sphere

• state’s capacity to mantain order within its borders • instruments include: coercive state, police, military • deals with relationship btw state and non-state actors • sovereign power of state stands above all associations and groups possess a monopoly of the means ‘legitimate violence’

• state’s capacity to provide protection against threats from beyond its own borders • instruments: armed forces, resistance of military attacks • deals w relationship of state w other states • problematic! international politics conducted in environment being ANARCHICAL lacks enforceable rules or pre-eminent power

-> main: maintain domestic order - disciplined - uniformed - armed bodies -> diffs - has routine everyday - closely integrated in society - use non-military tactics: rely on consent and legitimacy (often unarmed, only self-defense)

• liberal perspective • conservative perspective • radical perspective

• essentially neutral body • function: maintain domestic order through protection of ind rights and liberties • operate w consensus • high measure of legitimacy • promotes social stability • personal security • no political function • uphold the rule of law • protect citizens from each other

• role: preserve authority of the state • ensure that jurisdiction extends through community • rooted in pessimistic view of hum nature • seen as mechanisms of pol control

• critical view • core: tools of oppression acting in the interest of the state not the people • serve elites not masses • marxist version: seen as defenders of property and upholders of capitalist class interests

• civil policing • community policing • firebrigade policing • zero-tolerance policing

• aspect of work with which we are most familiarized • fight crime • international character • homogeneous communities: significant level of self-policing

ex: japan - expected to know and visit various families that fall within that area of jurisdiction - success depends on police being respected in the local community

• emph capacity of police to react to breaches of law • adoption of harder policing tactics • technology and arms

• relies on strict enforcement in relation to minor offences • to significantly reduce crime • unrestrained petty crime impression of ‘no one is in control’

• may be carried out in accordance w pol biases or social prejudices - favoring certain groups - traditional for radicals and socialists - tends to breed a culture being authoritarian and pol conservative • may exert beyong civil matters and impact on pol disputes LEVEL HAS INCREASED AS SOCIETIES HAVE BECOME MORE COMPLEX AND FRAGMENTED - some argue that all crime is ‘political’ - neutrality compromised (demonstrations, civil unrests..) - threat of terrorism

-> police operates outside framework + accountable to neither the courts nor the general public • extrajudicial • totalitarian features • excessive and unregualted power • designed to curtail civil liberty • all aspects of social existence fall under police control • acts as priv army controled by ruling elite

• instrument of war - virtual monopoly of weaponry - substantial coercive power - loyalty essential • organized/ disciplined bodies - hierarchy of ranks - strict obedience • distinctive culture and set of values - prepared to kill, fight and die - often seen as deeply authoritarian - tradition • seen as ‘above politics’ - guarantee security and integrity of the state - repository of the national interest

• guarantee of domestic order - blurred line btw ‘public’ instrument and ‘political weaponry’ - states with acute civilian unrest beyond police’s capacity - military becomes the only prop of regime to safeguard it from popular rebellion or revolution -> constitutionalism and consent is abandoned • alternative to civilian rule - establishment of military rule - prop up unpopular gov/regime - remove/replace governing elite - completely topple the regime can displace civilian politicians - > highlights chronic weakness, intractable divisions and endemic corruption of civilian gov MONOPOLY OF CHIEF INSTRUMENTS OF LEGITIMATE VIOLENCE IN THE POLITICAL SYSTEMS

• hierarchical • centralized • place a premium on rapid communications

• fundamental importance • bureaucratic obedience to rank, not to person holding it unthinking cooperation • stand above sectional, vested-interest conflicts in politics embodiment of national-interest authoritarian, disciplined conception • dominated by one ethnic group (might be the centre of conflict in society)

• seprate barracks (separation from civilians) • distinctive uniforms • indoctrination of recruits history and tradition

• may be used to protect the armed forces from civilian mismanagement (foreign aggression) • military pressure may result from junior officers being dissatisfied with promotion prospects • belief that it is the only body aware of what constitutes the true national interest only body capable of implementing policies to protect that interest

• nature and degree of professionalism - prestige in society - pride and separateness - social backgrounds (elite or lower class) - degree of specialization - pol experience and influence • nature of political system - direct military intervention less likely in: industrialized lib democracies socialist systems controlled by 1 party - direct military more likely in: civilian gov lacking prestige govs w serious weaknesses (lack the basis of legitimacy that govs have)