Intro to Enzymes
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Enzyme
A biomolecule (either protein or RNA) that catalyzes a specific chemical rxn
Enzymes enhance______________by providing a rxn with_______________
Enzymes enhance the rate of a rxn by providing a rxn with a pathway with LOWER activation energy
“Enzymes are typically made up of protein” Why was this a controversial saying?
Historically, proteins were thought to ONLY be structural
List the 5 core properties of enzymes
Enzymes… 1) Produce greater reaction rates (faster) 2) Allow rxns to occur under mild conditions 3) Allow rxns to occur with greater specificity 4) Have the capacity for regulation (can be regulated) 5) Catalytic power is explained by 2 properties: –> Bind most tightly to transition state of cat. rxn. –> Structure of active sites facilitate multiple mechanisms of catalysis to occur simultaneously
Rates of enzyme catalyzed reactions are usually ______________ times greater than uncatalyzed reactions
Rates of enzyme catalyzed reactions are usually 106 to 1012 times greater than uncatalyzed reactions
Why is it important that enzymes speed up reactions? (from a biology perspective)
This speeding up allows for rxns to occur on a timescale needed to sustain cellular life
At what kinds of mild conditions can enzymes promote rxns to occur? Why is this important?
Enzymes can catalyze rxns at: 1) Low temps 2) Low pressures 3) Close to neutral pH Important because cells typically exist in mild conditions and we need these rxns to be able to work in our cells without having to adopt extreme conditions (ex. boiling in acid)
What is meant by “enzymes allow rxns. to occur with greater specificity”?
Each enzyme catalyzes only ONE rxn (or sometimes a few related rxns)! == Enzymes can be extremely specific for their substrate which PREVENTS SIDE RXNS!
Why is it important that enzymes have the capacity to be regulated?
Because it allows the enzymes to turn ON/OFF when needed == Allows for control of the enzyme’s function by substances OTHER than their substrates) == Far better control of what chemical rxns are occurring within a cell
The catalytic power of enzymes is explained by TWO main properties:
1) Enzymes bind most tightly to the TRANSITION STATE of a catalyzed rxn (decreases activation energy using binding energy 2) Enzymes’ active sites have been evolutionarily organized to facilitate MULTIPLE mechanisms of chemical catalysis SIMULTANEOUSLY!
How do we name enzymes?
[Catalytic Action] and/or [Substrate Name] + “-ase” Ex: “Triosephosphate isomerase” –> Sub = Triosephosphate –> Cat. Activity = Isomerization