Exam 2 Study Guide
暂无描述。系统推荐的高质量记忆内容，适合每天坚持背诵学习。
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What is systematics? Taxonomy?
systematics: discipline of biology that characterizes and classifies the relationships of all organisms on earth. taxonomy: science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms
What are the 8 categories of taxonomic hierarchy (in order from species upward to broader classifications)? What are the three domains of life?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup Archaea, bacteria, eukarya
What are the two parts of any Latinized binomial name?
Genus species
What are the three different types of phylogenetic groups?
• monophyletic: common ancestors and all its descendants • paraphyletic: common ancestor but some of its descendants • polyphyletic: groups with different common ancestors
What is a phylogenetic tree and what is it used for (or what is phylogeny)?
graphical summary that describes the evolutionary relationships among various species
What are the two ways a new species can be formed?
cladogenesis: species diverge into two or more species anagenesis: a species evolves into a different species
What is Homology?
similarities among various species
What does cladistics compare?
classification of species based on evolutionary relationships to produce phylogenetic trees or cladograms
What is the difference between a primitive character and a derived character?
primitive character: shared by two or more taxa from an older common ancestor derived character: shared by two or more species from the latest common ancestor
What is the Principle of Parsimony?
the preferred hypothesis is the most simplest phylogenetic tree
What is the definition of evolution? What are the 2 mechanisms of evolution?
heritable changes in characteristics of a population from one generation to the next - genetic variation and natural selection
Define Natural Selection.
subset of individuals that survive best and produce the most offspring
What 2 observations the theory of natural selection based off of? What conclusion (inference) can be made from these two observations?
• All species tend to produce excessive numbers of offspring. • Organisms vary, and much of this variation is heritable.
Identify and explain the 5 pieces of evidence for evolution we discussed in class.
• fossil record: show morphological changes are apparent • biogeography: played key role in revolution of new species from isolated habitats • convergent evolution: two species from different lineages independently evolved similar characteristics because they occupy similar habitats • selective breeding: domesticating species, breeder chooses parents not natural selection • natural selection: alters populations in response to environmental changes
What is the transitional form when found as a fossil?
intermediate state between ancestral form and form of its descendants
What are the 3 types of homologies that are seen among species?
• Anatomical (vestigial structures): anatomical features that have no current function but resemble structures of presumed ancestors. • developmental: species that differ in adult stage but have similarities during the embryonic phase (temporary) • molecular: similarity between organisms at the molecular level due to descent from a common ancestor or interrelated ancestors.
What does endemic mean and provide an example?
plants and animals that are naturally found in a particular location - ex: Galapagos finches
Explain a gene pool.
all alleles for every gene in a given population
What is the symbol for the dominant allele frequency in a population? What about the recessive?
dominant allele frequency: P recessive allele frequency: q
What are the ultimate sources for all genetic variation?
• new genetic information: mutations, gene duplications, exon shuffling, horizontal gene transfer • evolutionary mechanisms: natural selection, genetic drift, migration, random mating
What is the Hardy-Weinberg formula? How can it be used?
describes the relationship between allele and genotype frequencies in a population
What are the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
• no new mutations • no natural selection • large population • no migration • random mating
Understand, and explain the four general outcomes (patterns) of natural selection.
• directional selection: extreme phenotypic range have greater reproductive success in a particular environment • stabilizing selection: favors intermediate phenotypes • diversifying (disruptive) selection: favors extreme values of the trait • balancing selection: maintains genetic diversity in a population
What is genetic drift? How can it influence allele frequencies in a population? What size populations are most susceptible to genetic drift?
changes in allele frequency due to random chance - favors either elimination or fixation of an allele in a population - greater effect in smaller populations