photosynthesis the calvin cycle
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where?
stroma
• stage 1
• CO2 enters through stomata and diffuses into stroma of chloroplast • combined with ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) 5 C compound and catalysed by enzyme rubisco • gives unstable 6 C compound which breaks into 2 molecules of 3 C compound glycerate 3-phosphate (GP)
• stage 2
• hydrolysis of ATP (from light dependent reaction) energy to turn 3C compound GP into different 3C compound triose phosphate (TP) • requires H+ ions which come from reduced NADP (recycled to NADP) • some TP is then converted into useful organic compounds e.g. glucose. some continues in calvin cycle to regenerate RuBP
• stage 3
5 out of every 6 molecules of TP produced in cycle are used to regenerate RuBP which uses rest of ATP from LDR
carbohydrates
hexose sugars (glucose) 2 x triose phosphate joined
lipids
glycerol (which is sythesies from triose phosphate and fatty acids) fatty acids synthesised from glycerate 3-phosphate
amino acids
glycerate 3-phosphate
how many turns of the calvin cycle make one hexose sugar (e.g. glucose)
6
why does it take 6 turns to make 1 hexose sugar
5 out of 6 TP molecules used to produce RuBp after 3 turns only 1 TP produced to make hexose sugar 2 TP molecules needed to form 1 hexose sugar