Exam 3

A person who is represented by a legislator or an elected/appointed official

Book def: special provisions in legislation to set aside funds for projects that have not passed an impartial evaluation by agencies of the executive branch. Unnecessary spending that congressmen make

Both are powers of Congress

• legislate • declare war • maintain military • tax and spend (budget) • oversight • impeachment/conviction

person in senate who refuses to die or go away, they don’t have a limit. Usually deigned to kill legislation Book def: the use of the Senate’s tradition of unlimited debate as a delaying tactic to block bills or nominations • the filibuster is bypassed by Reconciliation

Both are privileges of Congress • franking - free mail • junkets - free travel Others: Name ID (being known as a celebrity) Fundraising

Lawmaking is the principal and most obvious function of any legislature 1) bill is introduced by Congress (house or senate) 2) is then referred to a committee in the chamber where it was introduced (house or senate) to be studied 3) Is then sent to the floor of the house or senate to be debated 4) Is sent to the other chamber (house or senate) to be studied 5) after the bill has passed each chamber, if the two versions of the bill contain different provisions, a conference committee is formed to write a compromise bill 6) if Bill is approved by both chambers, it is sent to the president to sign or veto

Reconciliation - in Congress, a special rule that can be applied to budget bills sent from the House of Representatives to the Senate (bypasses the filibuster) Conference Committee - joint committees set up to achieve agreement between the House and the Senate on the wording of legislative acts that were passed by the chambers in different forms • differences between two versions of the same built, passed by the house, and the Senate are ironed out in a conference committee through a process known as reconciliation

Redrawing legislative district lines to benefit incumbent elites Book def: the redrawing of legislative district boundary lines for the purpose of obtaining partisan advantage. The district is said to be gerrymandered when it’s shape is altered substantially to determine which party will win it.

The allocation of seats in the House of Representatives to each state after a census

The redrawing of the boundaries of the congressional districts within each state

• gave the federal courts jurisdiction cases challenging gerrymandering practices • argued unequal district sizes violated the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment • applied the 14th amendment to redistricting state legislature

• “one person, one vote” rule • both houses of state legislatures must be apportioned on the basis of population

• the foremost power holder in the House of Representatives • is chosen by the majority party • is the official leader of the majority party in the House

The leader of the majority party in the senate

• Reelection • Seniority • Policy making

• an indictment/charge of a crime • one of the functions of Congress • impeachment process is done by the House • conviction is the next step after impeachment and is done by the Senate

• a legislative power of the president • a no votes that blocks legislation

HOS - the role of the president as ceremonial head of the government HOG - leads the country’s gov (usually the executive branch)

• state of the Union speeches • agenda setting/bully pulpit • persuasion*** • role of the 1st Family

• One of the constitutional powers of the President • it is the role of the president as head of the executive branch of the gov • president is constitutionally bound to enforce the acts of Congress, the judgments of federal courts, and treaties signed by the United States.

• is one of the presidents legislative powers (along with signing and vetoing legislation) Executive orders - rules or regulations issued by the president that has the effect of law • enforcement legislative statues • enforce the Constitution or treaties with foreign nations • establish or modify rules and practices of executive administrative agencies.

• a constitutional (executive) power of president The role of the president as supreme commander of the military forces of the United States and of the state National Guard units when they are called into federal service

The presidents authority to fill a government office or position • another constitutional/executive power of pres • appointment to Courts, Cabinet, ETC