Exam 3

pipes, ditches, and sewage outfalls

runoff from agricultural fields, lawns, forestry, and parking lots Atmospheric deposition and gaseous pollutants that dissolve in water HARDEST TO CONTROL

• pathogens and fecal coliform • contributes to 26 mil deaths/yr • highest in urban areas from untreated human sewage, animal waste in fields, and meat packing factories sending waste into water

heavy metals - remain in ecosystems for long periods of time and are from industry and fossil fuels Inorganic acids - acids in streams are a byproduct of industrial processes and mining, acid rain is from combustion of ffs Salt - sources are from road salt, toxic in high doses, and can change salinity in ecosystems toxics organics - pesticides, herbicides, cleaning agents

ingested and metabolize, stored in fatty tissues

more concentrated in successive tropic levels of food web

80% of water degradation comes from erosion Erosion… - smothers bottom dwellers - decreases water clarity - may have nutrients/toxins attached

decreases DO, loss of riparian vegetation, harmful to cold-blooded organisms

microplastics are found in humans and fish, plastic fragments can absorb toxic chemicals and harbor dangerous microbes

Tells the direction of the flow of dissolved oxygen. Right after the DO hits the decomposition zone, it decreases. Gets higher when there is more flow in the recovery zone. (8 ppm for fish and 2 ppm for microorganisms)

the amount of oxygen consumed in five days by microorganisms in the water

we’ve added more nitrogen, so algal blooms are caused more frequently in coastal ecosystems

restore and maintain chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s water all water should be swimmable and fishable set limits on discharge by industries and municipalities

water that lies beneath the ground surface, filling the pore space between soil particles, sedimentary rock layers, and cracks/crevices

all material between the earth’s surface and zone of saturation

upper boundary of the zone of saturation

layer of variable thickness that directly overlies the water table (takes up water through capillary action)

a body of saturated rock or sediment through which water can move easily

a partially filled aquifer exposed to the land surface and marked by a rising and falling water table

an aquifer completely filled with pressurized water and separated from the land surface by a relatively impermeable continuing bed, such as shale

water tables rise in wet seasons and fall in dry seasons as water drains out of the saturated zones into rivers

a stream that receives water from the zone of saturation

a stream that loses water to the zone of saturation

clay content friction surface tension shape, size, orientation of grains hydraulic gradient