Toxicology
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True or False Labs help identify and quantitate specific toxic substances like -household items that can be considered toxic/poison -illicit drugs / prescription drugs -Heavy metals -Miscellaneous materials
True
Highest incidence of toxic substances occurs in which set of population
Highest in kids(less than 5yrs old)>teens (tide-pods)>adults
What are Xenobiotics?
Chemicals/ drugs that are NOT normally found or produced in the body
Define Toxicology
The study of adverse effects of Xenobiotics in humans
Scope of toxicity is broad. What are the 3 Major Disciplines last one starts with an R
Mechanistic Descriptive Regulatory
Explain the Mechanistic discipline
-To make explain the molecular/cellular/biochemical effects of Xenobiotics w/in the context of a dose-response relationship between the xenobiotics and its adverse effects -It the basis of rational therapy & the development of lab tests to asses the degree of exposure
Explain the Descriptive discipline
-Risk assessment -Uses animal (results) to experiments to predict the level of exposure that will cause harm to humans
Explain the Regulatory discipline
Data from both mechanistic & Descriptive are used to establish STANDARDS that define the level of exposure that will NOT pose a risk to public health/safety -Most regulatory toxicologist work w/ the government.
What are the specialties w/in toxicology
Forensic Clinical Environmental
Forensic speciality does what?
-Primary concern with the medical & legal consequences of exposure -Focus on the establishing & validating the analytic performance of test methods which are used to generate legal situations including cases of death
Clinical speciality does what?
-Focus on relationship between xenobiotics & disease states -Emphasis on diagnostic testing & therapeutic intervention
Environmental speciality does what?
-Evaluates the environmental chemical pollutants & their impacts on human health
True or False Toxicology is usually NOT part of the clinical chemistry as a specialty
False: It is usually considered part of clinical chemistry
True or False Xenobiotics, Poisons, and Toxins are used interchangeably
True
What is the commonality between Xenobiotics and poisons?
Both exogenous agents that can have an adverse effect on a living organism
What are Xenobiotics?
Describe environmental exposure to chemicals or drugs (antibiotics, antidepressants, perfluorinated & brominated compounds)
What are Poisons?
Describe substances from an animal/ plant/ mineral, or gas (venoms from snakes or spiders, poison hemlock, arsenic, lead, carbon monoxide)
What are Toxins?
Endogenous substances that are biologically synthesized in living cells or microorganisms Ex: Botulinum toxin from Clostridium Botulinum Hemotoxins from snakes Mycotoxins produced from fungi
What are Toxicant and toxic?
Refers to substances that are NOT produced within a living cell or microorganism AND are more commonly used to describe environmental chemicals
True or False 50% are due to accidental exposures & 30% are poisoning cases are due to suicide attempts & the rest are homicidal & occupational exposure
FALSE: 50% are suicide attempts (highest mortality rate) 30% are due to accidental exposures (frequent in kids/teens & seen w/ adults for therapeutic & illicit drugs instances) the rest, is True (homicidal & occupational)
True or False Ingestion is one of the most common routes of exposure and must be absorbed into circulation to exert a systemic effect.
True
Which of the following are is NOT true when it comes to passive diffusion A. Must be able to cross cellular barriers B. Hydrophobic can C. Ionized can’t D. Weak acids become protonated in gastric acid—becomes ionized- and are absorbed in stomach E. Weak bases—absorbed in intestine
D. It becomes NONionized- and gets absorbed in stomach
Which of the following factors ALSO influence the rate of diffusion A. Rate of dissolution B. GI motility C. Resistance to degradation in GI tract D. Interaction with other substances E. Only A F. All of the above
F. All of the above
True or False Toxins not absorbed in GI tract can produce local effects like diarrhea, bleeding, and malabsorption
True