cell biology
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cell theory
all cells are composed of 1 or more cells, came from pre-existing cells, vital functions of an organism occur within a cell, are basic units of life, and contain hereditary info
plastids
double membrane organelle that stores/makes food (only in plant cells)
cell wall
fungi: chitin plant cells: cellulose
light micrograph (prokaryotic)
arranged in groups, chains, gram-stained, helical, spherical, or rod-shaped, small in size
electron micrograph (prokaryotic)
no membrane bound organelles, cell wall external to plasma membrane, nucleoid region w/DNA
prokaryotic cells
only organelle is a ribosome
light micrograph (eukaryotic)
multicellular, flat sides w/cell wall, large water vacuole, chloroplast, nucleus visible if stained
what do plant cells have that animal cells do not?
cell wall, chloroplasts, and a vacuole
freeze fracture
breaking apart a frozen biological sample
striated skeletal muscle
multinucleate cytoplasm
ultracentrifuge
spins and splits into diff densities
cell homogenate
contains all the organelles
larger organelles are where at the end of spinning?
the bottom
bound ribosomes
secrete proteins
free ribosome
store proteins
formation of vesicles:
-clathrin creates a coat to help phospholipids keep a round shape -vesicle is formed and clathrin is removed -vesicles are moved through motor proteins along cytoskeleton track
hydrophobic molecules
-examples: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen -easy to pass through
small, uncharged, polar molecules
examples: hydrogen, glycerol difficult to pass through
large, uncharged, polar
examples: glucose, sucrose difficult to pass through
ions
-examples: potassium, sodium, chlorine -difficult to pass through
hydrophilic
polar
hydrophobic
nonpolar
interstitial fluid
extracellular
cytosolic fluid
intracellular