Plant diversity

The bryophytes

Plants without a vascular system (Xylem and Ploem)

-Nonvascular plants, simple -Common in damp areas -Dependent on water for fertilisation (aquatic):motile sperm needs water to swim to female gamete (egg) -Fertilisation forms zygote, embryo grows immediately into a sporophyte -Reproduce spores from the sporangium of sporophyte. -Pioneer species -No vascular tissue, diffusion to move water and food in plant -No strengthening tissue, they stay small -No true leaves or roots: ~rhizoids: outgrowths of stem to anchor ~simple leaf like, chlorophyll for pss ~No cuticle, water is absorbed through the surface of the whole plant

the first organisms to grow in an area after a disturbance such as forest fires, floods, or human activities. These hardy plants, algae, or mosses play a crucial role in ecological succession, the gradual change of a landscape over time.

A cell capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion

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-Made up vascular tissue of xylem and phloem to transport water and food around the plant. -Advantage: adaptation allows plants to cope in dry environments. -Grow taller -Has a true leaf: Organised inside for maximum sunlight and to increase the absorption of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. -Have roots (special organ that is structured to absorb water and minerals from the soil)

Seedless and seed bearing.

-Have xylem and phloem so they can live in drier areas but still need water for fertilisation. Leaves/Fronds well developed for PSS, New leaves coiled in bud. Roots fibrous: Can anchor and absorb water and minerals. Stems are horizontal, called Rhizomes. Reproduces by spores, released by sporangia on the back of sporophylls. Occur in clusters called sori Spores germinate into tiny gametophyte. –

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. They are more complex, their stems branch laterally and have secondary growth leading to them growing wider and taller.

Pollen grains: Contain male gametes. Transported by various means (wind, water, animals) to female structure where fertilisation occurs. The pollen grain develops into a pollen tube through which non-motile male gametes can reach the ovule. Resistant seeds: Includes an embryonic plant, food-storage tissue and a hardened protective covering (seed coat). Allows embryo to remain dormant until suitable growing conditions. Contains food for initial growth of embryo when seed germinates.

Sporangia found in cones (special structures adapted from leaves) Separate male and female cones contain reproductive structures on open leaves. Gymnosperms are heterosporous Male gametes inside the pollen grains. Female gametes inside the ovules. Male reaches female through wind pollination.

Have 2 new structures that distinguish them: Flowers and fruit. Both are linked to reproduction. Know the drawing

Reproductive organs and attract pollinators.

The transfer of pollen grains (containing sperm) from the anthers to the stigma.

Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same flower

Transfer of pollen from the anther of a plant to the stigma of another plant but from the same species.

Wind, insects, birds.

Without pollination, there would be no fertilisation. Without fertilisation, there would be no fruit or seeds. We rely on fruits and seeds for food. Plants rely on these processes to ensure the next generation of plants!

Flowers are: Large Large petals Brightly coloured Highly scented with nectar guides Stigma not feathery Small anthers inside flower Petals form landing area for insects: Insects receive sugar rich nectar from flower, the pollen grains stick to the insect and are transferred to another flower.

Flowers are: Brightly coloured and often red Elongated corolla tube Sturdy and bigger Produce large quantities of dilute nectar Little to no scent Pollen sticks together in clumps.