Sound
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how is sound produced?
by vibrating sources placed in a medium
how does longitudinal waves propagate?
as a series of compressions and rarefactions
what are compressions?
regions where the medium’s density is higher than the surrounding density
what are rarefactions?
regions where medium’s density is lower than surrounding density
describe how a sound wave produced in air by vibration of a tuning fork
• layers of air are in undisturbed positions • when the prongs push outwards, a region of compression is produced • when the prongs move inwards, a region of rarefaction is produced • prongs continue to vibrate (moving inward and outward) • a series of compressions and rarefactions is set up
does sound require a medium?
sound needs a medium to travel from one point to another. travels at different speeds in different media
sound travels…
fastest in solids, slowest in gas.
why does sound travel fastest in solids?
particles are most closely packed together in solids, easier to transfer energy by vibration when particles are closer together.
what is an echo?
the repitition of a sound due to reflection of sound. it is formed when sound is reflected off hard, flat surfaces.
echoes used to:
• measure large distances • detect the location of objects by the method of echolocation
how to calculate speed of echoes?
2 distance/ time taken
pitch
related to frequency of sound wave. higher frequency, higher pitch.
loudness
related to amplitude of sound wave. larger amplitude, louder sound.