Organic Synthesis
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What are the different ways you can make a haloalkane?
• Alkane - halogen & UV light • Alkene - HX • Alcohol - NaX, H₂SO₄, heat & reflux mechanisms: free radical sub & nucleophilic sub
What are the ways you can form an alkane?
Alkene - H₂ and nickel catalyst mechanism: elimination or dehydration
How can you form an alkene?
Alcohol - H₃PO₄ or H₂SO₄, heat mechanism: dehydration
What are the ways you can form an alcohol?
• Alkene - steam, H₃PO₄ • Haloalkane - NaOH(aq) warm, reflux Mechanisms: hydration & nucleophilic substitution
How can you form a carboxylic acid?
• 1” Alcohol - excess K₂Cr₂O₇, H₂SO₄, reflux • Aldehyde - K₂Cr₂O₇, H₂SO₄, reflux Reaction: oxidation
How can you form an aldehyde?
1◦ Alcohol - K₂Cr₂O₇, H₂SO₄, distillation Reaction: oxidation
How can you form a ketone?
2◦ Alcohol - K₂Cr₂O₇, H₂SO₄, reflux Reaction: oxidation
How can you form a nitrile?
Haloalkane - KCN in ethanol mechanism: nucleophilic substitution
How can you form an amine?
Haloalkane - excess NH₃ in ethanol mechanism: nucleophilic substitution
How can you use a separating funnel to purify an organic liquid?
• Add the mixture to a separating funnel • Compound with higher density is the bottom layer and compound with hlower density is the top layer - Discard the aqueous layer • Add CaCl₂ or MgSO₄ drying agent to absorb any remaining water • Distill and collect fraction at boiling point of desired product
What is the formula for % yield? and the rearranged formulas?
