Chapter 8 part II
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DNA structure
Nitrogenous bases [on the inside(T,C,A,G), sugar phosphate backbone=deocyribose[on the outside], double stranded helix, A+T G+C, hydrogen bonds between the bases hold the stands together.
Transcription (be able to transcribe DNA to RNA)
produces genetic messages in the form of RNA(A,G,C,U), Initiation-Elongation-Termination,(after termination transcribed mRNA is modified introns are cut)
Describe Translation (be able to translate mRNA into amino acid chain)
mRNA is shipped into cytoplasm then gets coded for amino acids (building blocks of protien), Initiation-Elongation-Termination.
Codon
3 bases (ATC|GTU) (3rd base in a codon “doesn’t matter”)
Start and stop codons
AUG=Start, UAA,UAG,UGA= stop/termination
Describe levels of protien structure(4)
1.) primary- amino acid sequence, 2.) secondary- folded primary structure into either alpha helix or beta sheet, 3.) Tertiary- secondary structures folded into 3d structures, 4.) Quaternary- protien made of two or more polypeptides
Base substitutions
Replace one base with another (most are harmful, could be benificial)
Base insertions/deletions
Alters the reading frame (likely results in nonfuctioning polypeptide)
Silent mutations
No affect on amino acids
Missense mutations
substitution by one amino acid for another in a protien (A->U)
nonsense mutations
a base mutation that causes a stop codon to appear
RNA
A U G C