BSC 300 2023 TM_Lecture #9_Cellular Energetics, Part I_In Class Lecture Slides
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What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic metabolism?
Anabolic metabolism builds molecules, while catabolic metabolism breaks down molecules.
What role does ATP play in cellular energy pathways?
ATP serves as the primary energy currency, facilitating energy transfer in biochemical reactions.
Define oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions.
Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons, where one substrate loses electrons (oxidized) and another gains electrons (reduced).
What is the net equation for glycolysis?
glucose + 2 ATP + 2 ADP + 2 P_i + 2 NAD^+ → 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H^+ + 2 H_2O
What are the primary products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, and 2 NADH.
What occurs during fermentation in anaerobic conditions?
Pyruvate is metabolized to lactic acid or ethanol, regenerating NAD^+ from NADH.
What is metabolism?
Metabolism is the collection of biochemical reactions occurring within a cell.
Describe the structure of mitochondria.
Mitochondria have an outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space, and a matrix containing DNA and enzymes.
What is the proton-motive force?
The proton-motive force is the energy stored in the form of a proton gradient across a membrane, which powers ATP synthesis.
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
Direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP to form ATP.
What are the roles of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase in glycolysis?
They are rate-limiting enzymes that regulate the flow of metabolites through the glycolytic pathway.
True or False: Glycolysis requires oxygen.
False. Glycolysis is independent of oxygen.
What is the significance of the allosteric regulation of phosphofructokinase?
It is the most important rate-limiting step in glycolysis, inhibited by ATP and activated by AMP.
Fill in the blank: The __________ hypothesis explains the evolutionary origin of mitochondria.
endosymbiont
What is the function of cristae in mitochondria?
Cristae increase the surface area for ATP production.
What is the primary function of the mitochondrial matrix?
It contains enzymes for metabolic reactions, circular DNA, and the machinery for protein synthesis.
What is the role of NADH in cellular respiration?
NADH carries electrons to the electron transport chain for ATP synthesis.
How does insulin affect glycolytic enzymes?
Insulin upregulates the transcription of glycolytic enzymes like hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase.
What is the energy investment phase of glycolysis?
The first three reactions that consume ATP to activate glucose and its intermediates.
What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic pathways for glucose metabolism?
Anaerobic pathways do not require oxygen and lead to fermentation, while aerobic pathways utilize oxygen for complete oxidation in mitochondria.
What does the term ‘transfer potential’ refer to?
It refers to the ability of a compound to donate a phosphate group, where compounds higher on the scale can phosphorylate those lower.
Describe the role of ATP in metabolic pathways.
ATP acts as an ideal link between different metabolic pathways, facilitating energy transfer.
What is the role of covalent modification in enzyme regulation?
Covalent modification, such as phosphorylation, alters enzyme activity in response to metabolic needs.
What is the consequence of glucose-6-phosphate accumulation on hexokinase activity?
Hexokinase is inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate, slowing glycolysis when product levels are high.