Thorax 2 - Anatomy of respiration
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What are some examples of primary and secondary muscles of respiration?
Primary - diaphragm, intercostals Secondary - pectorals, scalene
What does the diaphragm separate?
The thorax and the abdomen
Why does the right hand side of the diaphragm have a higher dome?
This allows space for the liver to sit underneath.
What 3 tubes pass through the diaphragm?
Oesophagus Aorta (back of diaphragm) Inferiour vena cava
What are phrenic nerves? Where do they descend to? What spinal number do they originate from?
• They are part of the somatic PNS • They descend through the thorax, outside the pericardium in front of the lung in contrast to the vagus nerve which passes behind the lungs. • They originate from C3-C5
Where does the pectorialis major attach?
To the entirety of the sternum
Which muscle pulls up the thoracic cage contributing to an increase in volume?
Serratus anterior
What muscles are involved in quiet inspiration? Deep inspiration? Deepest inspiration?
Quiet - diaphragm Deep - diaphragm and external intercostals Deepest - diaphragm, external intercostals, scalene, pectoralis
Which sits above the other, the pharynx or the larynx?
The pharynx sits above
What are the 3 types of pharyx?
Naso Oro Laryngo
Why is the left primary bronchi at a sharper angle?
It is at a sharper angle because of the heart
What do the bronchopulmonary segments of the lungs?
Supplied by segmental bronchi and bronchial arteries.
How many lobes are on each side of the heart?
right = 3 lobes left = 2 lobes
What are the 3 surfaces of the heart and where do they face?
Costal - towards intercostal muscle Diaphargmatic = towards the diaphragm Mediastinal = facing towards the heart
What are the 2 lobes in the left called? What are the 3 lobes in the right called?
2 lobes - superior, inferior 3 lobes - superior, middle, inferior
How many pleura membranes does each lung have?
Two pleural membranes
What are the visceral and parietal pleura?
Visceral = serous membrane that covers the surface of each lung and dips into fissures Parietal = outer membrane attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity
What are the left and right pulmonary cavities separated by?
The mediastinum
What is the function of the pleura?
• Allows the lungs to move freely without friction • Surface tension between pleural layers keeps the lung surface in contact with the thoracic wall when air penetrates the pleural walls
What are the 3 types of pressure in the lungs?
Atmospheric coming through the trachea. Transpulmonary pressure between the pleura and lungs. Intrapulmonary pressure in the lungs.
Anteriorly, the inferior limit of the lungs is the — rib Laterally the inferior limit of the lungs in — rib. Posteriorly the inferior limit of lungs is — ribs.
6th rib 8th rib 10th rib
Where do the bronchial artery take oxygenated blood to?
Takes it to the lung.
What gives the bronchial artery nutrient supply?
The pulmonary artery runs along it
What are the 4 neuro-vascular structure?
• posterior and anterior intercostal muscles • internal thoracic artery/vein • intercostal veins • phrenic nerves